Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) can lead to a variety of health issues, including:

W. Oedema in lungs and periphery due to increased protein (albumin) production: This is incorrect. In CKD, there is actually a decrease in albumin production due to the loss of protein in the urine. This can lead to oedema, but it's due to decreased, not increased, albumin production.

X. Anaemia due to reduced EPO production: This is correct. The kidneys produce erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells. In CKD, the kidneys' ability to produce EPO is diminished, leading to a decrease in red blood cell production and resulting in anaemia.

Y. Uraemia due to reduced excretion of waste and toxins: This is correct. The kidneys' main function is to filter waste and toxins from the blood. In CKD, this function is impaired, leading to an accumulation of waste and toxins in the blood, a condition known as uraemia.

Z. Decreased bone mineralisation due to loss of vitamin D production: This is correct. The kidneys play a crucial role in the production of active vitamin D, which is necessary for the absorption of calcium and phosphate, minerals essential for bone mineralisation. In CKD, the production of active vitamin D is reduced, leading to decreased bone mineralisation.

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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) can lead to a variety of health issues, including:

W. Oedema in lungs and periphery due to increased protein (albumin) production: This is incorrect. In CKD, there is actually a decrease in albumin production due to the loss of protein in the urine. This can lead to oedema, but it's due to decreased, not increased, albumin production.

X. Anaemia due to reduced EPO production: This is correct. The kidneys produce erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells. In CKD, the kidneys' ability to produce EPO is diminished, leading to a decrease in red blood cell production and resulting in anaemia.

Y. Uraemia due to reduced excretion of waste and toxins: This is correct. The kidneys' main function is to filter waste and toxins from the blood. In CKD, this function is impaired, leading to an accumulation of waste and toxins in the blood, a condition known as uraemia.

Z. Decreased bone mineralisation due to loss of vitamin D production: This is correct. The kidneys play a crucial role in the production of active vitamin D, which is necessary for the absorption of calcium and phosphate, minerals essential for bone mineralisation. In CKD, the production of active vitamin D is reduced, leading to decreased bone mineralisation.

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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) can lead to a variety of health issues, including:

W. Oedema in lungs and periphery due to increased protein (albumin) production: This is incorrect. In CKD, there is actually a decrease in albumin production due to the loss of protein in the urine. This can lead to oedema, but it's due to decreased, not increased, albumin production.

X. Anaemia due to reduced EPO production: This is correct. The kidneys produce erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells. In CKD, the kidneys' ability to produce EPO is diminished, leading to a decrease in red blood cell production and resulting in anaemia.

Y. Uraemia due to reduced excretion of waste and toxins: This is correct. The kidneys' main function is to filter waste and toxins from the blood. In CKD, this function is impaired, leading to an accumulation of waste and toxins in the blood, a condition known as uraemia.

Z. Decreased bone mineralisation due to loss of vitamin D production: This is correct. The kidneys play a crucial role in the production of active vitamin D, which is necessary for the absorption of calcium and phosphate, minerals essential for bone mineralisation. In CKD, the production of active vitamin D is reduced, leading to decreased bone mineralisation.

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