Which sociologist argued that deviance performs essential social functions, such as clarifying boundaries and encouraging social change?A.Karl MarxB.Max WeberC.Emile DurkheimD.Jean Piaget

The sociologist who argued that deviance performs essential social functions, such as clarifying boundaries and encouraging social change, is Emile Durkheim. Here is the step-by-step reasoning:

1. Identify the Sociologists: The question provides four options: Karl Marx, Max Weber, Emile Durkheim, and Jean Piaget.

2. Understand Their Contributions:

   • Karl Marx: Known for his theories on capitalism, class struggle, and historical materialism.
   • Max Weber: Known for his work on bureaucracy, the sociology of religion, and the concept of the "Protestant Ethic."
   • Emile Durkheim: Known for his work on social integration, collective conscience, and the functions of deviance in society.
   • Jean Piaget: Known for his work in developmental psychology, particularly his theory of cognitive development in children.

3. Focus on Deviance and Social Functions:

   • Emile Durkheim is particularly noted for his theory that deviance is a normal and necessary part of any society. He argued that deviance serves several important functions:
     • Clarifying Boundaries: By defining what is deviant, societies can delineate acceptable behavior.
     • Encouraging Social Change: Deviance can challenge outdated norms and encourage societal progress.

4. Conclusion: Based on the understanding of their contributions, Emile Durkheim is the sociologist who argued that deviance performs essential social functions.

Therefore, the correct answer is: C. Emile Durkheim