History A 54-year-old female patient presented to the emergency department with a 6-h history of worsening shortness of breath and sharp, right-sided chest pain that was worse on deep inspi- ration. She denied experiencing palpitations, did not complain of nausea, and was not feeling lightheaded. She had a history of recurrent deep vein thromboses for which she was on lifelong warfarin. Her INR had been stable at 3.0–3.5 with 5 mg warfarin once daily for more than a year and had last been checked 4 weeks ago. Her only other past medical history was a recent diagnosis of active pulmonary tuberculosis, for which the patient had been prescribed isoniazid (along- side pyridoxine), rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol. The patient worked as a primary school teacher and was usually fit and well. She had never smoked and denied any regular alcohol intake. There was no relevant family history. Examination The patient appeared moderately dyspnoeic on exertion but was able to speak comfortably at rest. Her pulse rate was 110 beats per minute and regular and her blood pressure was stable at 130/84 mmHg. Her respiratory rate was 22 breaths per minute. She was afebrile. I have read the History *YesNoResults A CT pulmonary angiogram scan showed large volume, bilateral pulmonary emboli but no evidence of associated right heart strain. *I have read the resultNo I didn't read itOther:The reason for developing pulmonary embolus at this point of time is due to drug interaction at the level of*1 pointa. absorptionb. Distributionc. metabolismd. elimination
Question
History A 54-year-old female patient presented to the emergency department with a 6-h history of worsening shortness of breath and sharp, right-sided chest pain that was worse on deep inspi- ration. She denied experiencing palpitations, did not complain of nausea, and was not feeling lightheaded. She had a history of recurrent deep vein thromboses for which she was on lifelong warfarin. Her INR had been stable at 3.0–3.5 with 5 mg warfarin once daily for more than a year and had last been checked 4 weeks ago. Her only other past medical history was a recent diagnosis of active pulmonary tuberculosis, for which the patient had been prescribed isoniazid (along- side pyridoxine), rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol. The patient worked as a primary school teacher and was usually fit and well. She had never smoked and denied any regular alcohol intake. There was no relevant family history. Examination The patient appeared moderately dyspnoeic on exertion but was able to speak comfortably at rest. Her pulse rate was 110 beats per minute and regular and her blood pressure was stable at 130/84 mmHg. Her respiratory rate was 22 breaths per minute. She was afebrile. I have read the History *YesNoResults A CT pulmonary angiogram scan showed large volume, bilateral pulmonary emboli but no evidence of associated right heart strain. I have read the resultNo I didn't read itOther:The reason for developing pulmonary embolus at this point of time is due to drug interaction at the level of1 pointa. absorptionb. Distributionc. metabolismd. elimination
Solution
The reason for developing a pulmonary embolus at this point in time is due to a drug interaction at the level of metabolism. The patient is on warfarin, a medication that thins the blood and prevents clots, and has been stable on this medication for over a year. However, she was recently prescribed a regimen of medications for her active pulmonary tuberculosis, including rifampicin. Rifampicin is known to induce the enzymes that metabolize warfarin, which can lead to a decreased effectiveness of the warfarin and an increased risk of clotting. This is likely why the patient developed a pulmonary embolus.
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