Which hormone is synthesized and secreted by the kidneys to stimulate bone marrow production of red blood cells?CreatinineAldosteroneErythropoietinRenin2. A 60-year-old female is diagnosed with hyperkalemia. Which assessment finding should the nurse expect to observe?Weak pulseOliguriaConstipationExcessive thirst3. While checking lab results, the nurse remembers that the normal leukocyte count is:1.2-2.2 million per cubic millimeter.5000-10,000 per cubic millimeter.1000-2000 per cubic millimeter.4.2-6.2 million per cubic millimeter.4. Of the following groups, who are at highest risk for a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?Whites over 65 years of ageBlacks over 65 years of ageWhites under 65 years of ageBlacks under 65 years of age5. A patient is admitted to the neurological critical care unit with a severe closed head injury. All four extremities are in rigid extension, the forearms are hyperpronated, and the legs are in plantar extension. How should the nurse chart this condition?Decorticate posturingDystonic posturingDecerebrate posturingBasal ganglion posturing6. Which is the most potent naturally occurring glucocorticoid?CortisolProlactinAldosteroneTestosterone7. A nurse recalls that the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and plasma creatinine (Pcr) concentration are _____ related.inverselydirectlynotindirectly8. Most causes of encephalitis are which of the following?FungalToxoidViralBacterial9. A 16-year-old male fell off the bed of a pickup truck and hit his forehead on the road. He now has resistance to passive movement that varies proportionally with the force applied. He is most likely suffering from:rigidity.paratonia.dystonia.spasticity.10. During the sleep cycle, when does loss of temperature control occur?REM sleepNon-REM sleepLight sleepDelta wave sleep11. A 42-year-old female presents to her primary care provider reporting muscle weakness and cardiac abnormalities. Laboratory tests indicate that she is hypokalemic. Which of the following could be the cause of her condition?ConstipationLaxative abuseHypoglycemiaRespiratory acidosis12. Which of the following nutritional components will the nurse encourage a patient to consume as it is needed for erythropoiesis?Vitamin DVitamin B1ZincVitamin B1213. The ________ sphincter controls the movement of waste from the sigmoid colon into the rectum?oddiinternal analileocecalO’Beirne14. The vermiform appendix is attached to the:ileum.sigmoid colon.duodenum.cecum.15. Fibrinolysis is mediated by:heparin.fibrinogen.plasmin.16. What can trigger ACTH to be released?StressHigh serum levels of cortisolHypotensionHypoglycemia17. The predominant antibody of a typical primary immune response is:IgA.IgE.IgM.IgG.18. When describing the male urinary anatomy, which information should the nurse include? The portion of the male urethra that is closest to the bladder is the _____ portion.vas deferensprostaticmembranouscavernous19. A 5-year-old male presents to the ER with delirium and sunken eyes. After diagnosing him with severe dehydration, the primary care provider orders fluid replacement. The nurse administers a hypertonic intravenous solution. Which of the following would be expected?Decreased ECF volumeIntracellular dehydrationIncreased ICF volumeSymptoms subside quickly20. A nurse is teaching about the structure that connects the middle ear with the pharynx. Which structure is the nurse describing?Organ of CortiSemicircular canalAuditory canalEustachian tube

What hormone produced by the kidneys can be used to stimulate red blood cell production in patients in renal failure or recovering from chemotherapy?Multiple choice question.ReninAdrenalineErythropoietinAldosterone

. A nurse is caring for a patient who cannot clot. Which end product of the clotting cascade is this patient unable to make?FibrinCollagenThrombinFibrinogen2. Which hormone is synthesized and secreted by the kidneys to stimulate bone marrow production of red blood cells?ErythropoietinAldosteroneCreatinineRenin3. An unstable type of hemoglobin that cannot bind with oxygen is termed:oxyhemoglobin.methemoglobin.glycosylated hemoglobin.deoxyhemoglobin.4. When the nurse discusses the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule together, it is referred to as the renal:medulla.corpuscle.capsule.pyramid.5. A patient has a disease state that results from the secretion of toxins by bacteria. Which medical diagnosis will the nurse see documented on the chart?HepatitisSmallpoxMalariaTetanus6. A patient is undergoing a sleep lab test. When the sleep lab worker notices EEG patterns with brain activity similar to the normal awake pattern, which phase of sleep is occurring?Non–rapid eye movement (REM)Delta waveFast waveREM7. Which finding would support the diagnosis of respiratory acidosis?VomitingHyperventilationAn increase in noncarbonic acidsPneumonia8. Parasympathetic stimulation to the pancreas will cause which of the following reactions?Decreased bicarbonate productionHormonal inhibitionEnzyme secretionVasoconstriction9. The renin-angiotensin system will be activated by:decreased blood pressure in the afferent arterioles.increased blood volume.elevated sodium concentrations.renal hypertension.10. On average, the kidneys receive approximately _____ of the cardiac output.10-14%26-35%20-25%15-19%11. For legal purposes, brain death is defined as:lack of cortical function.death of the brainstem.cessation of entire brain function.a consistent vegetative state (VS).12. After birth, red blood cells are normally made only in the:liver.spleen.bone marrow.kidney.13. A 23-year-old pregnant female visits her primary care provider for her final prenatal checkup. The primary care provider determines that the fetus has developed an infection in utero. Which of the following would be increased in the fetus at birth?IgDIgGIgMIgA14. A 40-year-old patient undergoes surgery for a PTH-secreting tumor in which the parathyroid is removed. Which physiological alteration would the nurse expect following surgery?Increased serum calciumIncreased calcitoninDecreased bone formationDecreased calcium reabsorption in the kidney15. When discussing the functional unit of the kidney, what term should use?NephronCollecting ductCalyxPyramid16. Where is the main site of aldosterone synthesis?KidneysAdrenal cortexLiverHypothalamus17. A patient experiences a severe head injury hitting a tree while riding a motorcycle. Breathing becomes deep and rapid but with normal pattern. What term should the nurse use for this condition?GaspingApneusisCentral neurogenic hyperventilationAtaxic breathing18. A patient diagnosed with a diffuse brain injury (DBI) is at increased risk for which complication?ArrhythmiaMeningitis infectionAcute brain swellingComplete loss of vision19. A patient has done research on monoclonal antibodies on the Internet. Which statement indicates a correct understanding? Pure monoclonal antibodies are produced by:bone marrow.fetuses.laboratories.T lymphocytes.20. The vermiform appendix is attached to the:cecum.ileum.duodenum.sigmoid colon.21. A 70-year-old patient is being closely monitored in the neurological critical care unit for a severe closed head injury. After 48 hours, signs of deterioration occur: pupils are small and sluggish, pulse pressure is widening, and heart rate is bradycardic. These clinical findings are evidence of what stage of intracranial hypertension?Stage 4Stage 2Stage 3Stage 122. A 10-year-old male is stung by a bee while playing in the yard. He experiences a severe allergic reaction and has to go to the ER. The nurse providing care realizes this reaction is the result of:IgA.IgM.IgE.toxoids.23. The predominant phagocyte of early inflammation is the:neutrophil.macrophage.lymphocyte.eosinophil.24. A 42-year-old female presents to her primary care provider reporting muscle weakness and cardiac abnormalities. Laboratory tests indicate that she is hypokalemic. Which of the following could be the cause of her condition?HypoglycemiaConstipationLaxative abuseRespiratory acidosis25. A nurse is discussing a cell that can differentiate into any tissue type. Which term is the nurse describing?ProgenitorBlastocystHematopoieticPluripotent26. After entering a room of chemical fog, a 20-year-old male cannot stop coughing. Which of the following structures are primarily responsible for his response?Upper respiratory nasal hairs and turbinatesUpper respiratory tract mucosaIrritant receptors in the trachea and large airwaysIrritant receptors in the nostrils27. A patient has memory loss of events that occurred before a head injury. What cognitive disorder does the nurse suspect the patient is experiencing?Retrograde amnesiaSelective memory deficitAnterograde amnesiaExecutive memory deficit28. A 20-year-old female is applying for nursing school and is required to be tested for immunity against several illnesses. Testing that looks at which of the following would be the best to determine immunity?AgglutinationPrecipitationCulture and sensitivityTiter29. Patients diagnosed with myasthenia gravis often have tumors or pathologic changes in the:thymus.pancreas.lungs.brain.30. What type of effect occurs when insulin binds to its receptors on muscle cells, resulting in an increase in glucose uptake by those muscle cells?DirectBiphasicPharmacologicPermissive

Which of the following hormones is released by cells within the kidney?Group of answer choicesAldosteroneErythropoietinAngiotensinAntidiuretic hormone

The hormone erythropoietin controls the rate of RBC production. Which organ produces the most erythropoietin?1 pointLiverHeartBone marrowKidney

A 68-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. He has type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. Medications include insulin, metoprolol, and atorvastatin. Physical examination shows pitting edema of both ankles. Serum creatinine concentration is 4.5 mg/dL. Which of the following sets of serum findings is most likely in this patient?Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Vitamin D Calcium PhosphorusA Decreased increased increased increasedB Increased decreased decreased increasedC Increased decreased increased decreasedD Increased decreased decreased decreasedE Decreased decreased decreased increased