Pediatric radiation exposure during medical imaging procedures has been a topic of increasing concern due to the potential long-term health implications associated with ionizing radiation. Previous studies have highlighted the heightened sensitivity of pediatric patients to radiation due to their developing tissues and longer life expectancy, necessitating a critical evaluation of radiation doses in pediatric imaging procedures (Sabarudin & Sun, 2013; BEIR VII Phase 2, 2006).In the context of computed tomography angiography (CTA), several studies have emphasized the need for optimizing imaging protocols to minimize radiation exposure while maintaining diagnostic quality. For instance, research by Xu and Zhang (2010) demonstrated the importance of dose optimization measures in reducing radiation exposure during CTA procedures. Similarly, Westra et al. (2014) highlighted the significance of entrance skin dose reduction in pediatric CT examinations.Furthermore, the American College of Radiology (ACR) has provided guidelines for quality control and radiation safety in computed tomography, emphasizing the ALARA principle and the use of protective shielding to minimize radiation exposure (ACR, 2017). These guidelines serve as a benchmark for evaluating the adherence to radiation safety measures in pediatric CTA procedures.Studies by Ali et al. (2019) and Hollingsworth et al. (2007) have provided valuable insights into radiation dose reduction initiatives and effective strategies for minimizing radiation exposure in cardiac CT and other imaging modalities. These initiatives underscore the importance of continuous improvement in imaging protocols to ensure patient safety.In summary, the existing literature underscores the critical need for optimizing imaging protocols, standardizing radiation doses, and adhering to radiation safety measures to minimize pediatric radiation exposure during CTA procedures. This literature review provides a foundation for the current study, which aims to comprehensively evaluate pediatric radiation exposure and imaging protocols in the context of CTA procedures.

Pediatric radiation exposure during medical imaging procedures has been a topic of increasing concern due to the potential long-term health implications associated with ionizing radiation. Previous studies have highlighted the heightened sensitivity of pediatric patients to radiation due to their developing tissues and longer life expectancy, necessitating a critical evaluation of radiation doses in pediatric imaging procedures (Sabarudin & Sun, 2013; BEIR VII Phase 2, 2006).In the context of computed tomography angiography (CTA), several studies have emphasized the need for optimizing imaging protocols to minimize radiation exposure while maintaining diagnostic quality. For instance, research by Xu and Zhang (2010) demonstrated the importance of dose optimization measures in reducing radiation exposure during CTA procedures. Similarly, Westra et al. (2014) highlighted the significance of entrance skin dose reduction in pediatric CT examinations.Furthermore, the American College of Radiology (ACR) has provided guidelines for quality control and radiation safety in computed tomography, emphasizing the ALARA principle and the use of protective shielding to minimize radiation exposure (ACR, 2017). These guidelines serve as a benchmark for evaluating the adherence to radiation safety measures in pediatric CTA procedures.Studies by Ali et al. (2019) and Hollingsworth et al. (2007) have provided valuable insights into radiation dose reduction initiatives and effective strategies for minimizing radiation exposure in cardiac CT and other imaging modalities. These initiatives underscore the importance of continuous improvement in imaging protocols to ensure patient safety.In summary, the existing literature underscores the critical need for optimizing imaging protocols, standardizing radiation doses, and adhering to radiation safety measures to minimize pediatric radiation exposure during CTA procedures. This literature review provides a foundation for the current study, which aims to comprehensively evaluate pediatric radiation exposure and imaging protocols in the context of CTA procedures.

damages living tissue and when deciding whether an should take place, we have to weigh up the to the patient from radiation against the potential benefit of having the exposure. Radiology involves striking a balance between and risk for the patient. The benefit is successful and treatment. The risks are radiation-induced in the individual and serious effects in descendants. When applying the principle of , the benefit to the patient of having the exposure must outweigh the risks. A criterion that is often applied is that the exposure is if the result of having the examination will change the clinical management of the patient.

Exposure of human body to radiation may cause:

Choose TRUE if the statement is correct, FALSE if otherwise. Ionization, is the process if a wave has enough energy, that it can remove the inner electrons from atoms. Radiation dose is measured in sieverts (Sv) or millisieverts (mSv). Ionizing waves have a severe effect on living tissue by killing cells or damaging DNA. Ultraviolet (UV) rays, X-rays, and Gamma rays are examples of non-ionizing waves. Radiographers take several X-rays each day and their potential dose is much lower. Some exposure to UV radiation is beneficial like skin uses UV radiation from the Sun to make vitamin D but overexposure is generally harmful. Sun Protection Factor (SPF) is a number used by sunscreen manufacturers to indicate how much longer youcan stay out in the sun before getting burnt.  Microwaves are radio waves with long wavelengths that causes very slightly absorbed by the body and can cause a minor heating effect.

Which of the following symptoms of exposure to radiation may take a long time (several months to years) to develop? Some of our knowledge of these effects comes from epidemiological studies of the medical effects of nuclear explosions, such the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Select all that apply.Group of answer choicesReduced fertility in both males and femalesErythema (reddening of skin)CataractsVarious cancersRadiation pneumonitis