(i) Prevention of Loss of Plasma Proteins and Red Blood Cells:

Dialysis treatment is designed to mimic the function of healthy kidneys, which is to filter out waste products from the blood. However, it's important that the process doesn't remove necessary components such as plasma proteins and red blood cells.

1. Use of Semi-Permeable Membrane: The dialysis machine uses a semi-permeable membrane, which allows only certain substances to pass through. This membrane is designed to allow waste products and excess water to pass through, but it is not permeable to larger molecules such as plasma proteins and red blood cells.

2. Blood Flow Rate: The rate of blood flow through the dialysis machine is carefully controlled. If the blood flow rate is too high, there is a risk that red blood cells could be damaged.

3. Anticoagulants: Anticoagulants are used during dialysis to prevent blood clots from forming in the dialysis machine. These medications can also help to prevent damage to red blood cells.

(ii) Maintenance of Normal Glucose Concentration:

1. Dialysate Composition: The dialysate, or dialysis fluid, is a solution that helps remove waste products from the blood. The composition of the dialysate is carefully controlled to match the normal concentrations of electrolytes and glucose in the blood. This helps to maintain the normal glucose concentration in the blood during dialysis.

2. Regular Monitoring: The patient's blood glucose levels are regularly monitored during dialysis. If the glucose level becomes too high or too low, adjustments can be made to the dialysate composition or the patient may be given additional medication.

3. Dietary Management: Patients on dialysis are often given dietary advice to help manage their blood glucose levels. This can include advice on carbohydrate intake and timing of meals in relation to dialysis sessions.

Question

(i) Prevention of Loss of Plasma Proteins and Red Blood Cells:

Dialysis treatment is designed to mimic the function of healthy kidneys, which is to filter out waste products from the blood. However, it's important that the process doesn't remove necessary components such as plasma proteins and red blood cells.

1. Use of Semi-Permeable Membrane: The dialysis machine uses a semi-permeable membrane, which allows only certain substances to pass through. This membrane is designed to allow waste products and excess water to pass through, but it is not permeable to larger molecules such as plasma proteins and red blood cells.

2. Blood Flow Rate: The rate of blood flow through the dialysis machine is carefully controlled. If the blood flow rate is too high, there is a risk that red blood cells could be damaged.

3. Anticoagulants: Anticoagulants are used during dialysis to prevent blood clots from forming in the dialysis machine. These medications can also help to prevent damage to red blood cells.

(ii) Maintenance of Normal Glucose Concentration:

1. Dialysate Composition: The dialysate, or dialysis fluid, is a solution that helps remove waste products from the blood. The composition of the dialysate is carefully controlled to match the normal concentrations of electrolytes and glucose in the blood. This helps to maintain the normal glucose concentration in the blood during dialysis.

2. Regular Monitoring: The patient's blood glucose levels are regularly monitored during dialysis. If the glucose level becomes too high or too low, adjustments can be made to the dialysate composition or the patient may be given additional medication.

3. Dietary Management: Patients on dialysis are often given dietary advice to help manage their blood glucose levels. This can include advice on carbohydrate intake and timing of meals in relation to dialysis sessions.

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(i) Prevention of Loss of Plasma Proteins and Red Blood Cells:

Dialysis treatment is designed to mimic the function of healthy kidneys, which is to filter out waste products from the blood. However, it's important that the process doesn't remove necessary components such as plasma proteins and red blood cells.

1. Use of Semi-Permeable Membrane: The dialysis machine uses a semi-permeable membrane, which allows only certain substances to pass through. This membrane is designed to allow waste products and excess water to pass through, but it is not permeable to larger molecules such as plasma proteins and red blood cells.

2. Blood Flow Rate: The rate of blood flow through the dialysis machine is carefully controlled. If the blood flow rate is too high, there is a risk that red blood cells could be damaged.

3. Anticoagulants: Anticoagulants are used during dialysis to prevent blood clots from forming in the dialysis machine. These medications can also help to prevent damage to red blood cells.

(ii) Maintenance of Normal Glucose Concentration:

1. Dialysate Composition: The dialysate, or dialysis fluid, is a solution that helps remove waste products from the blood. The composition of the dialysate is carefully controlled to match the normal concentrations of electrolytes and glucose in the blood. This helps to maintain the normal glucose concentration in the blood during dialysis.

2. Regular Monitoring: The patient's blood glucose levels are regularly monitored during dialysis. If the glucose level becomes too high or too low, adjustments can be made to the dialysate composition or the patient may be given additional medication.

3. Dietary Management: Patients on dialysis are often given dietary advice to help manage their blood glucose levels. This can include advice on carbohydrate intake and timing of meals in relation to dialysis sessions.

Outline how, when the patient is receiving dialysis treatment (i) the loss of plasma proteins and red blood cells is prevented, (ii) the normal glucose concentration of the blood is maintained

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