Which of these statements is/are true in relation to renal failure, resulting from poorly-treated diabetes?W. Thickened basement membrane will lead to decreased excretion of glucose and plasma proteins.X. The major sites of damage in the kidney would be the tubules and interstitial tissue.Y.  Microangiopathy will result in an increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR).Z.  Urinalysis would show protein and glucose present in urine.Question 3Select one:a.if only W, X and Y are correctb.if only W and Y are correctc.if only X and Z are correctd.if only Z is correcte.if all are correc

Which of the following statements is/are correct in relation to poorly treated diabetes mellitus?W. Microangiopathy typically results in plasma proteins being retained in blood vessels.X.  Basement membranes of capillaries may thicken, resulting in reduced oxygen delivery to tissue. Y.   The main eye pathology seen is optic neuritis (inflammation of the optic nerve).Z.  Damage in cells that do not require insulin for glucose uptake (e.g. neurons) is mainly due to increased intracellular glucose accumulation.Question 22Select one:a.if only W, X and Y are correctb.if only W and Y are correctc.if only X and Z are correctd.if only Z is correcte.if all are correct

Which of these are potential long-term consequences of poorly-treated diabetes mellitus?W. Non-specific glycosylation leading to changes in structure and function of proteins.X. Tissue hypoxia due to basement membrane thickening and reduced capillary lumen diameter.Y.  Cataracts, retinopathies and therefore blindness.Z. Increased inflammatory responses resulting in reduced infections and improved wound healing.Question 43Select one:a.if only W, X and Y are correctb.if only W and Y are correctc.if only X and Z are correctd.if only Z is correcte.if all are correct

Pertaining to diabetes, which of the following statements is/are correct?W. A fasting hyperglycaemia (high plasma glucose) is likely in both poorly treated type 1- and type 2-diabetes.X.  All individuals with either type 1- or type 2-diabetes have a total lack of circulating insulin.Y.  Atherosclerosis will usually develop more quickly and severely in both type 1- and type 2-diabetics.Z.  Insulin resistance is the predominant feature of both type 1- and type 2-diabetes.Question 47Select one:a.if only W, X and Y are correctb.if only W and Y are correctc.if only X and Z are correctd.if only Z is correcte.if all are correct

Which of these may be seen in an individual with Chronic Kidney Disease?W. Oedema in lungs and periphery due to increased protein (albumin) production.X.  Anaemia due to reduced EPO production.Y.  Uraemia due to reduced excretion of waste and toxins.Z.  Decreased bone mineralisation due to loss of vitamin D production.Question 21Select one:a.if only W, X and Y are correctb.if only W and Y are correctc.if only X and Z are correctd.if only Z is correcte.if all are correct

Which one of the following statements about a normally functioning mammalian kidney is true?Question 2Select one:A.Glucose is not found in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)B.Urine has a similar composition to glomerular filtrateC.A low blood pressure does not affect kidney functionD.Glucose is not found in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)