The same researchers also wanted to examine whether second-hand smoking (exposure to a another person smoking) by pregnant women increases the risk of low birth weight (i.e., the proportion of babies born at a low birth weight among women who were second-hand smokers during their pregnancy is higher than the proportion in the general population). The researchers obtained a sample of 175 pregnant women who were second-hand smokers, followed them during their pregnancies, and found that 10.2% of the newborns had low birth weight. Based on these data, the p-value was found to be .119.Write down the null and alternative hypotheses (Ho and Ha) that are being tested here.

Does secondhand smoke increase the risk of a low birthweight? A baby is considered have low birthweight if he/she weighs less than 5.5 pounds at birth. According to the National Center of Health Statistics, about 7.8% of all babies born in the U.S. are categorized as low birthweight.Suspecting that the national percentage is higher than 7.8%, researchers randomly select 1,200 babies whose mothers had extensive exposure to secondhand smoke during pregnancy and find that 10.4% of the sampled babies are categorized as low birth weight.Let p be the proportion of all babies in the United States who are categorized as low birth weight. What are the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses for this research question?H 0: p = 0.078H a: p ≠ 0.078H0: p = 0.078Ha: p > 0.078H0: p = 0.104Ha: p ≠ 0.104H0: μ = 0.078Ha: μ > 0.078Question 2Select one answer.10 pointsA manufacturer of t-shirts marks a shirt as “irregular” when it has defects such as crooked seams, stains, rips, or holes. A small number of irregular t-shirts are expected as part of the manufacturing process, but if more than 8% of the t-shirts manufactured at a plant are classified as irregular, the manager has to do an investigation to try to find the source of the increased mistakes in the manufacturing process.In order to test whether his plant is making a higher than expected number of irregular t-shirts, the manager of a plant randomly selects 100 t-shirts and finds that 12 are irregular.He plans to test the hypotheses: H0, P = 0.08, versus Ha, p > 0.08 (where p is the true proportion of irregular t-shirts). What is the test statistic? Z = 5 Z = −1.47 Z = −1.23 Z = 1.47Question 3Select one answer.10 pointsA researcher wants to find out if U.S. adults still support the death penalty at a proportion of 0.64 (as it was in 2003). This graph indicates the sampling distribution for the proportion of supporters in random samples of 25 adults. The standard deviation is approximately 0.10.What is the approximate test statistic for p̂ = 0.84? −2 −1 0 1 2Question 4Select one answer.10 pointsDr. Gray would like to do a survey on whether the proportion of people ages 18 to 22 who have seen a healthcare professional (doctor, nurse, hospital, etc.) in the past year is higher than the national average of 82%. She plans to give her survey to 80 student athletes at your college by distributing surveys after sports practice. Is this survey valid or not valid for testing the hypothesis that the proportion of people ages 18 to 22 who have seen a healthcare professional in the past year is higher than the national average? Valid Not validQuestion 5Select one answer.10 pointsAccording to a U.S. news poll, 38% of students in the class of 2013 had done an internship during their time as an undergraduate student. Dana is interested in finding out whether students at her university had an internship rate that was higher than the national average. She obtained a list of 25 randomly selected students from the population of all students at her university by requesting this information from the university’s institutional research office. She collected the responses and calculated that the proportion for her university was 43%.Which one of the following statements about the z-test is correct? It is not safe to use the z-test for p, since n * (1 − po) is not large enough. It is not safe to use the z-test for p, since n * po is not large enough. It is not safe to use the z-test for p, since the sample is not a random sample from the entire population (or cannot be considered as one). It is safe to use the z-test for p.Question 6Select all that apply.10 pointsA national poll by the Institute for College Access and Success showed that in 69% of college graduates from public and nonprofit colleges in 2013 had student loan debt. Dr. Blackman wanted to find out if her public nonprofit university had a lower proportion of students who graduated with student loan debt in 2013.For this survey, the null hypothesis was that the proportion of students with graduated with student loan debt equals 69% and the alternative hypothesis is that the proportion with student loan debt does not equal 69%. The significance level for this test was 0.05.The results of the hypothesis test of the new survey showed a p-value of 0.039.Which of the following statements is correct? Check all that apply. The results were statistically significant. The results were not statistically significant. The null hypothesis should be rejected. The null hypothesis should be accepted. The null hypothesis cannot be rejected.

A researcher is wondering whether the smoking habits of young adults (18-25 years of age) in a certaincity in the U.S. are the same as the proportion of the general population of young adults in the U.S. Arecent study stated that the proportion of young adults who reported smoking at least twice a week ormore in the last month was 0.16. The researcher collected data from a random sample of 75 adults in thecity of interest. State the hypotheses to be tested for this study

Use the following for Questions 1, 2, and 3.  Researchers collected data to examine the relationship between air pollutants and pregnancy length in Southern California. During the study, air pollution levels were measured by air quality monitoring stations. Length of pregnancy data were collected on 500 births in Southern California between the years 1989 and 1993, and air pollution exposure during pregnancy was calculated for each birth. The analysis suggested that increased air pollution levels may be associated with the occurrence of preterm births (i.e. shorter pregnancies).What is the population for this study?Group of answer choicesAll births in the United StatesPreterm births in Southern California between 1989 and 1993All births in Southern CaliforniaThe 500 births in Southern California between 1989 and 1993

Tobacco smoke is a teratogen. In a household with smokers, which of the following health outcomes is most likely to occur?A.Early onset of puberty in childrenB.Breakdown of skin and other tissues exposed to the smokeC.Reductions in IQ in adultsD.Fetal development problems

Which of the following is not a major risk factor for heart disease?smokinggenderheightweight