Identify which of the following factors can lead to kidney stones.Check All That Applyan enlarged prostate glandan enlarged prostate glanda urinary tract infectiona urinary tract infectionconsumption of too much calciumconsumption of too much calciumconsumption of large amounts of water

Kidney stones are a common ailment affecting approximately 10% of adults in the United States.  They form when solutes precipitate out of solution as crystals in the urinary tract, and they can cause severe pain in the side, back, abdomen, and groin.  Individuals who have been previously diagnosed with kidney stones have an increased probability of developing new stones relative to unaffected individuals.  Different measures may help prevent the formation of different kinds of stones, so analysis of the composition of stones that have been passed or removed can aid in preventing recurrence.  Stones can be ground into fine powders, dissolved in a small amount of solvent, and analyzed by infrared (IR) spectroscopy, as shown in Figure 1.Figure 1  Schematic of kidney stone analysis by IR spectroscopyIR analysis of kidney stones from 50 individuals revealed the percentage of stones that contain each component, shown in Table 1 along with solubility data.Table 1  Kidney Stone Composition ParametersSome studies indicate that potassium citrate, taken orally, may prevent the formation of calcium oxalate crystals, the most abundant component of kidney stones.  Oxalic acid, shown in Figure 2, is significantly more soluble than calcium oxalate.Figure 2  Structure of oxalic acid and its associated anions with increasing pHPotassium citrate alkalinizes the urine, potentially causing a decrease in oxalate solubility and the formation of more crystals.  However, potassium citrate can also react with calcium oxalate according to the unbalanced equation shown in Reaction 1:CaC2O4 + K3(C6H5O7) → Ca3(C6H5O7)2 + K2C2O4Reaction 1Calcium citrate and potassium oxalate are both hundreds of times more soluble than calcium oxalate, so the presence of citrate and potassium ions can help maintain calcium and oxalate ions in solution.  This effect may be sufficient to overcome the decreased solubility that occurs at higher pH levels.Adapted from Primiano A, Persichilli S, Gambaro G, et al. FT-IR analysis of urinary stones: a helpful tool for clinician comparison with the chemical spot test. Dis Markers. 2014;2014:176165. Question 7Given the unbalanced equation (Reaction 1) and the molecular weight of calcium citrate (498.5 ng/nmol), if 15 nmol of calcium oxalate is mixed with 15 nmol of potassium citrate, what is the approximate theoretical yield of calcium citrate?A.1,250 ngB.2,500 ngC.3,750 ngD.7,500 ngSubmit

Condition of stones in the kidney

different renal stone composition and causative agent

All of the following are causes of PRE-RENAL acute kidney injury (renal failure) EXCEPT?Group of answer choicesDehydrationShockHeart failureKidney stones

Each definition is followed by two terms. Choose the letter of the term that has been defined.1. Condition of stones in the kidneyA. ureterolithiasisB. nephrolithiasis2. Protrusion of the bladderA. cystoceleB. cystitis3. Condition of water in the kidneyA. hydronephrosisB. polycystic kidney disease4. Narrowing of the ureterA. ureterostenosisB. ureterocele5. Minerals in the body such as sodium and potassiumA. albuminuriaB. electrolyte6. Inflammation of the ureterA. ureteritisB. urethritis7. Sudden stoppage of urine formationA. urinary retentionB. urinary suppression8. Condition of urine in the bloodA. azotemiaB. urinary suppression9. Tumor of the kidneyA. nephrosisB. nephroma10. Congenital defect in which the urinary meatus is located on the upper surface of the penisA. hypospadiasB. epispadias