Human language may have evolved from primate gestural behavior.Group of answer choicesTrueFalse

Which of the following statements is TRUE?Group of answer choicesHumans are the only primate to have gestural languageGrooming is an important method of tactile communication in primatesHuman communication has no similarity to non-human primate methods of communicationBoth A and BAll of the above

Primates can vocalize, but all sounds that primates make are generic with no particular meaning.Group of answer choicesTrueFalse

As is discussed in "Investigating Life 7.1: Clues to the Origin of Language," which of the following represents how language evolved in human ancestors?Multiple ChoiceThrough repeated use of language, humans developed areas of their brain used for communication. This led to changesin transcription factors and genes that were inherited by future generations.Two random mutations in DNA resulted in a modified transcription factor that participates in language acquisition.Individuals with the mutations reproduced more successfully.Individuals realized that communication with others of the same species would increase their survival. They developedlanguage skills and passed them on to their offspring.

ill in the Blank QuestionFill in the blank question.The approach to language development proposes that there is an innate mechanism that directs language development in humans.

Biological theorists explain language acquisition as a process that is controlled by biological forces capable of being observed. They cite a biological imperative for humans to develop language, which is observed in the spontaneous creation of languages by groups of people who had not had previous contact but who came to live in proximity to each other. These languages become more complex over time, as children within the communities are exposed to it and generate more complex forms. The form these languages take initially are those of pidgin languages, or languages that contain simple subject and action words. As the groups share more time together, the languages evolve into creole, a more complex language with more complicated structures, such as verb form variations.This evolution has also been seen among a community of deaf children who began living together in 1990 and who formed a signed language system within their community. Over time, the language grew more complex; however, older children in the community had significant difficulty incorporating the more complicated language structure.Even languages that have been spontaneously generated share common language structures across settings, despite the lack of contact between people in these settings. This suggests that there is an aspect of language which is common to all people. Researchers commissioned a study to examine sign language complexity in the deaf children who lived together. The number of unique syntactic constructions is shown in Figure 1.Figure 1 Number of unique syntactic constructions in a group using sign language, compared between ages at ten-year intervalsThere is also evidence that language ability is heritable. Twin studies found that about 50% of the overall variance in language may be genetic. In particular, syntactic language was found to be strongly hereditary, while vocabulary knowledge was weakly hereditary. Verbal ability scores of children were compared to their sibling or their twin and plotted in Figure 2.Figure 2 Correlation of verbal ability between siblings (Top) and twins (Bottom) Question 31Which of the following, if true, would weaken one of the arguments made in the passage? A.The R-squared value was not statistically significant in the chart comparing twins’ verbal measure scores.B.The R-squared value was not statistically significant in the chart comparing siblings' verbal measure scores.C.There was a statistically significant difference between age groups and the number of syntactic constructions in 1990.D.There was a statistically significant difference in the overall number of syntactic constructions between years across all age groups