D. Japanese AmericansAfter the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, fear and racism created a suspicion of Japanese-Americans and Japanese immigrants, particularly those living on the West Coast. Unsupported by evidence or fact, many Americans feared that Japanese-Americans would declare their loyalty to Japan, and aid America’s enemy in a secret West Coast attack. In February 1942, FDR issued Executive Order 9066, which forcibly removed 112,000 Japanese Americans—79,000 of whom were American citizens—from their homes on the West Coast and placed them into ten internment camps located in remote areas. The president’s order came less than three months after Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor, amid concerns that Japanese American citizens might pose a threat to national security. Under the Executive Order, Japanese Americans were given only a few days' notice to report for internment, and many had to sell their homes and businesses for much less than they were worth. In so doing, they lost much of what they had accrued (gained) in the course of their lives. The camps were surrounded by barbed wire, guard towers, searchlights and machine guns.In 1944, Fred Korematsu, a Japanese-American US citizen, sued the US government, claiming internment was unconstitutional and his rights as a citizen were being denied. In the case Korematsu v. United States (1944), the Supreme Court disagreed with Korematsu, ruling that interning Japanese Americans during the war for purposes of "military necessity" was constitutional, and that sometimes, individual rights must be limited for public safety. Decades later, the US government apologized, and Congress passed the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, which provided financial compensation of $20,000 for each surviving detainee from the camps.QUESTION 510 pointsWhat were Japanese Internment camps and why were they created? What does this tell you about US society during WWII?

Why did Executive Order 9066, which ordered the internment of Japanese and Japanese-Americans for the duration of the war, not apply to persons of Japanese descent living in Hawaii?

Read the following excerpts from two speeches given by President Roosevelt after the attack on Pearl Harbor. The first excerpt is from an address to Congress. The second is from a speech to the American public."Pearl Harbor Address to the Nation":It will be recorded that the distance of Hawaii from Japan makes it obvious that the attack was deliberately planned many days or even weeks ago. During the intervening time, the Japanese government has deliberately sought to deceive the United States by false statements and expressions of hope for continued peace."Fireside Chat 19: On the War with Japan":Powerful and resourceful gangsters have banded together to make war upon the whole human race. Their challenge has now been flung at the United States of America. The Japanese have treacherously violated the long-standing peace between us. Many American soldiers and sailors have been killed by enemy action. American ships have been sunk; American airplanes have been destroyed.Which statement most accurately describes a major difference in emphasis between the two speeches?A.The speech to Congress appeals to the audience's emotions.B.The speech to Congress draws historical parallels to other events.C.The speech to Congress emphasizes how nonviolent solutions have failed.D.The speech to Congress underscores the dishonesty of Japan's government.SUBMITarrow_backPREVIOUS

2.U.S. Enters WWII in 1941: Attack on Pearl HarborThe Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, America’s largest naval base, began just before 8 a.m. Sunday morning, December 7, 1941. For over an hour, in two waves, some 350 Japanese aircraft attacked the naval base. Japanese forces wreaked havoc (caused mass destruction) on US naval vessels and aircraft. In all, 2,403 Americans, including 68 civilians, died in the attack. In comparison, Japan suffered relatively light casualities—it lost only 29 aircraft and a few mini-submarines. The Japanese government decided to attack Pearl Harbor after the United States cut off US oil exports to Japan in the summer of 1941. Japan relied on the United States for eighty percent of its oil, and without US oil supplies its navy would be unable to function. In attacking Pearl Harbor, the Japanese hoped to cripple or destroy the US Pacific fleet so that the Japanese navy would have free reign in the Pacific. The American people were shocked, bewildered, surprised, and angered by the attack. On December 8, President Roosevelt addressed a joint session of Congress in the Capitol, his words broadcast on radio to the nation: “Yesterday, December 7, 1941—a date which will live in infamy—the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.” Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war against Japan, which it did that day. Three days later, Japan’s allies Germany and Italy declared war on the United States, and Congress reciprocated (did the same) the same day. The United States was now immersed in a war fought simultaneously in Europe and the Pacific.3.Fighting WWII on the Home Front: Industry, Women, and People of ColorA. IndustryRoosevelt focused all of America’s industrial power on war, calling the U.S. an “arsenal of democracy” and saying Japan had “woken the sleeping giant” of American industrial power. The mobilization (preparation) effort of the government in WWII eclipsed (exceeded) that of WWI. The social and economic consequences were profound. The Great Migration of African Americans from the Jim Crow South to the industrial North was accelerated. New opportunities opened for women. Americans finally enjoyed a standard of living higher than the pre-Depression years. Many say WWII is what truly ended the Great Depression, not FDR’s New Deal.Congress passed the War Powers Act, granting wide authority to the President to conduct the war effort. First the United States enlarged its armed forces through a draft -- by the end of the war, the number of men in the US military rose to 12 million. Eleanor Roosevelt, FDR’s wife, created women's auxiliary forces for the army (WACS), navy (WAVES), air force (WASPS), and Coast Guard (SPARS).A "Work Or Fight" propaganda campaign was waged to recruit more workers. About 6.5 million women entered the workforce during the war years, many for the first time. African Americans continued the Great Migration northward, filling vacated factory jobs. Mexican Americans were courted to cross the border to assist with the harvest season in the Bracero guest-worker program. Thousands of retirees went back on the job, and more and more teenagers pitched in to fill the demand for new labor.The United States government spent over twice as much money fighting World War II as it had spent on all previous programs since its creation. Tax rates were raised to generate revenue and propaganda was created to convince average Americans to donate to the war effort through Victory Bonds and War Loans. To maintain food and supplies for the army, the government instituted rationing (limiting supplies). Americans had strict buying limits on key items such as gasoline, sugar, meat, butter, canned foods, fuel oil, shoes, and rubber. Groups such as the Boy Scouts led scrap metal drives. Automobiles and refrigerators simply were not produced. Families grew vegetables in Victory Gardens to conserve food.QUESTION 210 pointsIn what ways did government's role in the economy expand in WWII and how did this impact people's daily lives?

Document 3Source: President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Executive Order 9066, “Authorizing the Secretary of War to Prescribe Military Areas,” dealing with Japanese Americans, February 19, 1942Whereas the successful prosecution of the war requires every possible protection against espionage and against sabotage to national-defense material, national-defense premises, and national-defense utilities . . .I hereby authorize and direct the Secretary of War . . . to prescribe military areas in such places and of such extent as he or the appropriate Military Commander may determine, from which any or all persons may be excluded, and with respect to which, the right of any person to enter, remain in, or leave shall be subject to whatever restrictions the Secretary of War or the appropriate Military Commander may impose in his discretion. The Secretary of War is hereby authorized to provide for residents of any such area who are excluded . . . such transportation, food, shelter, and other accommodations as may be necessary, in the judgment of the Secretary of War or the said Military Commander, and until other arrangements are made, to accomplish the purpose of this order. . . .I hereby further authorize and direct the Secretary of War and the said Military Commanders to take such other steps as he or the appropriate Military Commander may deem advisable to enforce compliance with the restrictions applicable to each Military area hereinabove authorized to be designated, including the use of Federal troops and other Federal Agencies, with authority to accept assistance of state and local agencies.

Internment of Japanese Americans. Digital image. National Archives and Records Administration, 11 Apr. 1942.The images above were MOST clearly a response to which of the following?Elimination ToolSelect one answerAMass mobilization of American society to supply troops for the World War II war effort.BWartime hysteria prompted by United States entrance into the Second World War.CForced racial segregation in west-coast cities during World War II.DRevenge for the Japanese invasion of Manchuria.