What was or were the reasons for expansion of women's prison reform in mid-late 19th century?Group of answer choicesNational organizations espousing a "new penology" began addressing women in prison.Poor, particularly immigrant women were seen as contributing to social disorder.The Social Purity crusade in the 1870s.All of the above.

Why did a formal women's rights movement emerge in the 1840s?Multiple choice question.Women felt excluded from the temperance and abolitionist movements when the movements turned toward organized politics.Women took nursing positions during the Mexican-American War and wanted more leadership positions.The Whigs and the Democrats signaled that they might be willing to work with an organized movement.There was a new generation of female leaders who were more charismatic than the older generation.

Government reform drew increased numbers of women into public life. Before the Civil War, married middle-class women were generally expected to devote their time to the care of their homes and families. By the late 19th century, however, only middle-class and upper-class women could afford to do so. Poorer women usually had no choice but to work for wages outside the home. As better-paying opportunities became available in towns, and especially cities, women had new options for finding jobs. At the turn of the century, one out of five American women held jobs; 25 percent of them worked in manufacturing. They typically held the least skilled positions, however, and received only about half as much money as their male counterparts or less. Dangerous conditions, low wages, and long hours led many female industrial workers to push for reforms. Their ranks grew after 146 workers, mostly Jewish and Italian immigrant girls, died in a 1911 fire in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in New York City.Middle- and upper-class women also entered the public sphere. By 1910, women’s clubs, at which these women discussed art or literature, were nearly half a million strong. These clubs sometimes grew into reform groups that addressed issues such as temperance or child labor. Many of the women who became active in public life in the late 19th century had attended the new women’s colleges. Many of these educated women began to apply their skills to needed social reforms. Many women also became involved through the Temperance Movement (anti-drinking movement).QUESTION 610 pointsHow did the Progressive Era increase women's involvement in activism and political life?

To what extent was the second half of the nineteenth-century a watershed in terms of attitudestowards, and the treatment of, domestic violence?• Doggett, Maeve, Marriage, Wife-Beating and the Law in Victorian England (London, 1992).• Clark, Anna, Women’s Silence, Men’s Violence: Sexual Assault in England 1770-1845 (London,1987).• Tomes, Nancy, ‘“A Torrent of Abuse”: Crimes of Violence between Working-Class Men andWomen in London 1840-1875’, Journal of Social History 11 (1977-78).

According to lecture, and following from research by Georg Rusche and Otto Kirchheimer, to more fully understand the cycles of rehabilitation and repression in the development of the penitentiary one needs to do what?Group of answer choicesDetermine patterns of crime commission and severity.Emphasize ideological forces more than economic ones.Grasp the penitentiary as largely a reflection of economic cycles in and the development of capitalism.Put popular forces central to the analysis; these are the actors of history.

To what extent was the second half of the nineteenth-century a watershed in terms of attitudestowards, and the treatment of, domestic violence?