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Select all that applyHow do macrophages kill microorganisms?Multiple select question.By secreting a variety of defensinsWith digestive enzymes within lysosomesBy producing interferons within lysosomesBy producing oxygen-containing free radicals within phagosomes

Question

Select all that applyHow do macrophages kill microorganisms?Multiple select question.By secreting a variety of defensinsWith digestive enzymes within lysosomesBy producing interferons within lysosomesBy producing oxygen-containing free radicals within phagosomes

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Solution

Macrophages kill microorganisms in several ways:

  1. By secreting a variety of defensins: Defensins are small proteins that can kill bacteria, fungi, and even some viruses. They do this by disrupting the cell membranes of these microorganisms.

  2. With digestive enzymes within lysosomes: When a macrophage engulfs a microorganism, it traps it in a special compartment called a phagosome. This phagosome then fuses with a lysosome, which is a compartment filled with digestive enzymes. These enzymes break down the microorganism, effectively killing it.

  3. By producing oxygen-containing free radicals within phagosomes: In addition to digestive enzymes, the phagosome-lysosome fusion can also produce reactive oxygen species, such as free radicals. These molecules can damage the microorganism's cell membrane, proteins, and DNA, leading to its death.

However, macrophages do not kill microorganisms by producing interferons within lysosomes. Interferons are proteins that are produced by cells in response to viral infections. They help to inhibit the replication of viruses, but they do not directly kill microorganisms.

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