(1) Filtration: This process involves passing a mixture through a filter to separate solid particles from a liquid or gas.

(2) Crystallisation or Recrystallization: This method is used to separate a solid solute from a liquid solvent by allowing the solute to form crystals. The crystals can then be collected and separated from the remaining liquid.

(3) Fractional crystallisation: This technique is similar to crystallisation but is used when there are multiple components in a mixture that have different solubilities. By carefully controlling the temperature and allowing the mixture to cool slowly, different components can be separated into distinct crystals.

(4) Sublimation: Sublimation is the process of converting a solid directly into a gas without passing through the liquid phase. This method is used to separate volatile substances from non-volatile ones.

(5) Simple distillation: Simple distillation is a method used to separate two or more liquids with different boiling points. The mixture is heated, and the component with the lower boiling point vaporizes first and is collected as a distillate.

(6) Fractional distillation: Fractional distillation is similar to simple distillation but is used when the boiling points of the components are closer together. A fractionating column is used to achieve better separation by providing multiple vaporization-condensation cycles.

(7) Distillation under reduced pressure: This technique is used when the boiling points of the components are very high or when the substance is sensitive to high temperatures. By reducing the pressure, the boiling points are lowered, allowing for separation at lower temperatures.

(8) Steam distillation: Steam distillation is used to separate volatile compounds from non-volatile ones. Steam is passed through the mixture, causing the volatile compounds to vaporize. The vapor is then condensed and collected.

(9) Differential extraction: Differential extraction is a method used to separate compounds based on their solubility in different solvents. By selectively extracting the desired compound into a specific solvent, it can be separated from the mixture.

(10) Chromatography: Chromatography is a technique used to separate and analyze mixtures based on the differential migration of components through a stationary phase and a mobile phase. Different types of chromatography, such as gas chromatography and liquid chromatography, are used depending on the nature of the mixture.

Question

(1) Filtration: This process involves passing a mixture through a filter to separate solid particles from a liquid or gas.

(2) Crystallisation or Recrystallization: This method is used to separate a solid solute from a liquid solvent by allowing the solute to form crystals. The crystals can then be collected and separated from the remaining liquid.

(3) Fractional crystallisation: This technique is similar to crystallisation but is used when there are multiple components in a mixture that have different solubilities. By carefully controlling the temperature and allowing the mixture to cool slowly, different components can be separated into distinct crystals.

(4) Sublimation: Sublimation is the process of converting a solid directly into a gas without passing through the liquid phase. This method is used to separate volatile substances from non-volatile ones.

(5) Simple distillation: Simple distillation is a method used to separate two or more liquids with different boiling points. The mixture is heated, and the component with the lower boiling point vaporizes first and is collected as a distillate.

(6) Fractional distillation: Fractional distillation is similar to simple distillation but is used when the boiling points of the components are closer together. A fractionating column is used to achieve better separation by providing multiple vaporization-condensation cycles.

(7) Distillation under reduced pressure: This technique is used when the boiling points of the components are very high or when the substance is sensitive to high temperatures. By reducing the pressure, the boiling points are lowered, allowing for separation at lower temperatures.

(8) Steam distillation: Steam distillation is used to separate volatile compounds from non-volatile ones. Steam is passed through the mixture, causing the volatile compounds to vaporize. The vapor is then condensed and collected.

(9) Differential extraction: Differential extraction is a method used to separate compounds based on their solubility in different solvents. By selectively extracting the desired compound into a specific solvent, it can be separated from the mixture.

(10) Chromatography: Chromatography is a technique used to separate and analyze mixtures based on the differential migration of components through a stationary phase and a mobile phase. Different types of chromatography, such as gas chromatography and liquid chromatography, are used depending on the nature of the mixture.

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