the manufaturing of electric cars, including EV batteries

Nowadays there is a debate on whether electric cars (EV) are more ecological and economical compared with normal gasoline cars (internal combustion engine, ICE). As materials engineers, we have the knowledge to solve this debate. We did a literature review and we found the following information:- The CO2 emission for the fabrication of an EV and an ICE car is the same and equal to 10 metric tonnes of CO2. However, EV cars depend on Li-Ion batteries. The fabrication of a 100 kWh battery pack adds to the EV fabrication another 12 metric tonnes of CO2 emissions. -ICE car consumes non-renewable fuel that produces an average of 5 metric tonnes of CO2 annually. EV cars consume electricity which is produced by a combination of renewable (solar, wind, hydro) and non-renewable energy sources, producing an average of 2 metric tonnes of CO2 annually. How many years will it take for the EV to be more ecological (less total CO2 emissions) than the ICE car?  Kysymys 2Valitse yksi:a.4 yearsb.many years because fabrication of ICE  car produces only 10 metric tonnes of CO2 emissions compared to EV that produces 22 metric tonnes of CO2 emissionsc.0 years. EV is immediately more ecologicald.8 months

Text 1The shift towards electric vehicles (EVs) is rapidly transforming the automotive industry. Initially met with skepticism, EVs are now embraced as a crucial step towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The major car manufacturers are investing heavily in this technology, predicting that the future roads will be dominated by electric cars. This shift is largely driven by an increasing awareness of environmental issues and advancements in technology that make electric cars more accessible and effective.Electric vehicles offer significant advantages over traditional gasoline-powered cars. They produce zero direct emissions, which reduces air pollution in urban areas. With the enhancement of battery technology, the driving range of EVs has improved, making them a more viable option for long-distance travel. Furthermore, the cost of batteries, the most expensive part of an electric vehicle, has been falling, making EVs more affordable for the average consumer.Governments around the world are supporting this transition. In many countries, there are financial incentives for buying electric cars, such as tax credits and grants. Moreover, infrastructure development is also given priority, with an increasing number of charging stations being installed. Despite this progress, there are challenges. The production of EV batteries has environmental impacts, and the electricity used to charge the vehicles often comes from non-renewable sources, raising questions about how green electric vehicles truly are.Text 2Public transportation systems are the backbone of any major city. Buses, trains, and subways move millions of people daily, reducing traffic congestion and lowering emissions. This system not only provides a cost-effective way for citizens to commute but also minimizes the environmental impact compared to private vehicle use. For urban areas grappling with high pollution levels, enhancing public transport can offer a substantial relief.Many cities across the globe are now focusing on improving their public transportation networks. Upgrading older systems with modern technology helps to ensure reliability and efficiency. Furthermore, many municipalities are integrating eco-friendly practices, such as using electric or hybrid buses, which further contribute to pollution reduction. To encourage more people to use public transportation, governments are also enhancing connectivity and increasing the frequency of service.Despite these benefits, public transportation in many places suffers from underinvestment. Aging infrastructure can lead to delays and frequent breakdowns, which deter people from using these services. Moreover, during peak hours, overcrowding can become a severe issue, impacting the comfort and convenience of passengers. For public transportation to truly compete with private vehicles, these issues need significant attention and investment.Which challenge is mentioned in both texts?ACost of production and maintenance.BEnvironmental impacts of production processes.COvercrowding during peak hours.DReliance on non-renewable energy sources.EUnderinvestment and aging infrastructure.

Electric vehicle (EV)Each electric vehicle is associated with a unique vehicle identification number (VIN), manufacturer company, model name, year, capacity of the battery (e.g., 60kW). For each manufacturer company - the name of the company, a unique ABN number, and the current CEO’s name are stored. An electric vehicle is manufactured by only one company, while the company can manufacture multiple vehicles. The system stores the company information of only the companies that manufacture at least one EV. Sometimes an EV manufacturing company is owned by a larger EV manufacturing company. One EV manufacturing company can own multiple companies, but one company can be owned by only one other company. Each electric vehicle is registered with only one person. The system stores information about the registered electric vehicles only (not the unregistered vehicles). For each person, the system stores that person’s (unique) driving license number, their name, and one or more phone numbers. One person can have multiple electric vehicles registered with them.Charging eventThe system maintains the information of all charging events – that is, which electric vehicle is charged at which outlet of a charging station using which coupon (if any). For each charging event, the system stores the start datetime, and the end datetime of the charging. A charging event may or may not use a discount coupon, where the coupon can only be from one of the facilities. Only one discount coupon can be applied for a specific charging event. An EV can charge at the same outlet at a different datetime, which will be considered as a different charging event. While entering a charging station, the driver of each EV needs to provide their information in the system. If the driver’s information has already been in the system (either as a person with whom an EV is registered, or as driver entered before), then the driver only needs to enter their driving licence number. Otherwise, the driver needs to enter the (unique) driving license number, name, and one or more phone numbers. The system also records the entry time. An EV can enter at the same charging station at different datetimes, which will be considered as a different entry event. If all the outlets at a charging station are occupied upon their entry, then the electric vehicles need to wait in a queue. The system records the EVs waiting in the queue for a charging station, capturing their position and arrival time.Please show me the entities, relationships and attributes in this paragraph based on how the database is analyzed

Investment in EV

Who designed the first electric car, and when