A free-running multivibrator, also known as an astable multivibrator, starts its operation based on the initial conditions or power supply. Here are the steps:

1. When the circuit is powered on, it is assumed that one of the transistors (say Q1) turns on first due to some imbalance. This could be due to minor differences in the components or noise in the circuit.

2. The transistor that turns on first (Q1) will go into saturation mode, meaning it will conduct fully. The other transistor (Q2) will be in cut-off mode, meaning it will not conduct at all.

3. The capacitor connected to the transistor in cut-off mode (C2 in this case) will start charging through the resistor (R2).

4. Once the voltage across this capacitor (C2) reaches a certain threshold, the transistor (Q2) will come out of cut-off mode and start conducting. This will cause the first transistor (Q1) to go into cut-off mode.

5. Now, the capacitor connected to the first transistor (C1) will start charging through its resistor (R1), and the cycle will repeat.

6. This continuous switching between the two states (one transistor in saturation and the other in cut-off) causes the circuit to oscillate, producing a square wave output.

This is a simplified explanation and the actual operation can be more complex depending on the specific circuit design.

Question

A free-running multivibrator, also known as an astable multivibrator, starts its operation based on the initial conditions or power supply. Here are the steps:

1. When the circuit is powered on, it is assumed that one of the transistors (say Q1) turns on first due to some imbalance. This could be due to minor differences in the components or noise in the circuit.

2. The transistor that turns on first (Q1) will go into saturation mode, meaning it will conduct fully. The other transistor (Q2) will be in cut-off mode, meaning it will not conduct at all.

3. The capacitor connected to the transistor in cut-off mode (C2 in this case) will start charging through the resistor (R2).

4. Once the voltage across this capacitor (C2) reaches a certain threshold, the transistor (Q2) will come out of cut-off mode and start conducting. This will cause the first transistor (Q1) to go into cut-off mode.

5. Now, the capacitor connected to the first transistor (C1) will start charging through its resistor (R1), and the cycle will repeat.

6. This continuous switching between the two states (one transistor in saturation and the other in cut-off) causes the circuit to oscillate, producing a square wave output.

This is a simplified explanation and the actual operation can be more complex depending on the specific circuit design.

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