A free-running multivibrator, also known as an astable multivibrator, starts its operation based on the initial conditions or power supply. Here are the steps:

1. Power Supply: The operation of a free-running multivibrator begins when power is supplied. The power supply voltage is applied across the circuit.

2. Initial Conditions: At the start, one of the transistors is assumed to be in the 'ON' state and the other in the 'OFF' state. This is usually determined by slight imbalances in the circuit due to component tolerances.

3. Capacitor Charging: The capacitor connected to the 'ON' transistor starts charging towards the supply voltage through the resistor.

4. Reaching Threshold: Once the voltage across the capacitor reaches the threshold voltage of the 'OFF' transistor, this transistor switches 'ON'.

5. Discharging: The 'ON' state of the second transistor causes the first transistor to switch 'OFF', and the capacitor starts discharging.

6. Oscillation: This process repeats, causing the circuit to oscillate between the two states. This oscillation is what makes the multivibrator "free-running".

7. Output: The output is taken from the collector of either transistor, which will be a square wave signal with a frequency determined by the resistors and capacitors in the circuit.

Question

A free-running multivibrator, also known as an astable multivibrator, starts its operation based on the initial conditions or power supply. Here are the steps:

1. Power Supply: The operation of a free-running multivibrator begins when power is supplied. The power supply voltage is applied across the circuit.

2. Initial Conditions: At the start, one of the transistors is assumed to be in the 'ON' state and the other in the 'OFF' state. This is usually determined by slight imbalances in the circuit due to component tolerances.

3. Capacitor Charging: The capacitor connected to the 'ON' transistor starts charging towards the supply voltage through the resistor.

4. Reaching Threshold: Once the voltage across the capacitor reaches the threshold voltage of the 'OFF' transistor, this transistor switches 'ON'.

5. Discharging: The 'ON' state of the second transistor causes the first transistor to switch 'OFF', and the capacitor starts discharging.

6. Oscillation: This process repeats, causing the circuit to oscillate between the two states. This oscillation is what makes the multivibrator "free-running".

7. Output: The output is taken from the collector of either transistor, which will be a square wave signal with a frequency determined by the resistors and capacitors in the circuit.

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