A 15-year-old boy with cystic fibrosis is brought to the emergency department for epistaxis. He first noticed intermittent nose bleeds a few days ago after a week of nasal congestion with low-grade fever. The bleeding worsened today and has been difficult to control. The patient has also had easy bruising for the past 2 months. He has not been taking his prescribed medications. Temperature is 37 C (98.6 F), blood pressure is 108/72 mm Hg, pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 18/min. The patient is alert and cooperative. There is active bleeding from the left naris. The pupils are equal and reactive. Breath sounds are coarse bilaterally, and cardiac examination is unremarkable. The abdomen is soft and nontender with no organomegaly. Strength and sensations are 5/5. Reflexes are equal bilaterally, and gait appears normal. Skin examination shows diffuse bruises along the extremities. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?
Question
A 15-year-old boy with cystic fibrosis is brought to the emergency department for epistaxis. He first noticed intermittent nose bleeds a few days ago after a week of nasal congestion with low-grade fever. The bleeding worsened today and has been difficult to control. The patient has also had easy bruising for the past 2 months. He has not been taking his prescribed medications. Temperature is 37 C (98.6 F), blood pressure is 108/72 mm Hg, pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 18/min. The patient is alert and cooperative. There is active bleeding from the left naris. The pupils are equal and reactive. Breath sounds are coarse bilaterally, and cardiac examination is unremarkable. The abdomen is soft and nontender with no organomegaly. Strength and sensations are 5/5. Reflexes are equal bilaterally, and gait appears normal. Skin examination shows diffuse bruises along the extremities. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?
Solution
The patient's symptoms suggest a coagulation disorder, which is likely due to vitamin K deficiency. Cystic fibrosis can cause malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins, including vitamin K, which is necessary for the synthesis of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X in the liver. The patient's history of not taking his prescribed medications could have exacerbated this deficiency. The symptoms of vitamin K deficiency include mucosal bleeding (such as nosebleeds) and easy bruising. Therefore, the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms is vitamin K deficiency due to malabsorption caused by untreated cystic fibrosis.
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