For Study 2, obese participants were recruited for a 16-week weight-loss study and randomly assigned to one of two groups:  A control group (n = 32) or an experimental group (n = 35).  Control participants engaged in weekly weigh-ins only.  Experimental participants engaged in weekly weigh-ins but also earned or lost money (put into an account and paid at the end of the study) based on their weigh-in goal, calculated each week based on current body mass index (BMI), age, and sex.  Those who reached their weekly weight goal earned $10; for each additional pound lost, participants earned another $10, up to $50/week.  Participants in the experimental group who did not meet or exceed their weekly weight goal had $20 deducted from their accounts.  No significant differences were found in baseline variables for either group; however, members of the control group lost an average of 5.9 pounds, whereas members of the experimental group lost an average of 18.1 pounds.B. E. Saelens and L. H. Epstein ©1996 Elsevier B.V. Question 7The experimental group in Study 2 was subjected to:A.positive reinforcement and negative punishment.B.negative reinforcement and positive punishment.C.positive reinforcement and positive punishment.D.positive and negative reinforcement.

A second group of researchers find 400 participants who are screened for things like lifestyle preferences. They use a computer program to assign 100 participants to each of the 3 treatment groups and 100 participants to the control group. These participants will receive free groceries for life in exchange for their participation. Researchers follow up with participants once every 10 years to collect data on their health for the rest of their life.This can be considered an experiment because the researchers used:Hint, displayed belowRandom AssignmentLurking VariablesSample SurveyExperimental Design

An advertisement for a popular weight-loss clinic suggests that participants in its new diet program lose, on average, more than 10 pounds. A consumer activist decides to test the authenticity of the claim. She follows the progress of 29 women who recently joined the weight-reduction program. She calculates the mean weight loss of these participants as 10.8 pounds with a standard deviation of 1.6 pounds. The test statistic for this hypothesis would be __________.Multiple Choice−3.023.02−2.69

Researchers conducted a pair of studies to explore how rewards influence motivation and weight loss for those who are overweight or obese.For Study 1, 20 overweight and 20 average-weight adults were invited to play a computer game consisting of a simple matching task in which participants earned a reward for getting multiple correct responses.  Participants were allowed to select their own reward:  Either $1.00 or a 200-calorie vending machine snack (valued at $1.00), such as a candy bar or bag of chips.  For the first trial, participants were rewarded on an average of three correct responses (AVG3).  Participants were then asked to choose between the food and monetary rewards.  When a food reward was selected, the average number of correct responses required to earn the next reward doubled, but when a monetary reward was selected, the average number of correct responses required to earn the next reward remained the same (Figure 1).  Results indicated that although there was no significant difference between the groups with regard to baseline self-reporting of hunger prior to the start of the computer tasks, overweight participants were five times more likely to choose the food rewards than average-weight participants.Figure 1  Study 1 reward scheduleFor Study 2, obese participants were recruited for a 16-week weight-loss study and randomly assigned to one of two groups:  A control group (n = 32) or an experimental group (n = 35).  Control participants engaged in weekly weigh-ins only.  Experimental participants engaged in weekly weigh-ins but also earned or lost money (put into an account and paid at the end of the study) based on their weigh-in goal, calculated each week based on current body mass index (BMI), age, and sex.  Those who reached their weekly weight goal earned $10; for each additional pound lost, participants earned another $10, up to $50/week.  Participants in the experimental group who did not meet or exceed their weekly weight goal had $20 deducted from their accounts.  No significant differences were found in baseline variables for either group; however, members of the control group lost an average of 5.9 pounds, whereas members of the experimental group lost an average of 18.1 pounds.B. E. Saelens and L. H. Epstein ©1996 Elsevier B.V. Question 8Which of the following most accurately reflects the reinforcement schedules used by Study 1 and the experimental group in Study 2, respectively?A.Variable ratio; variable intervalB.Variable ratio; fixed intervalC.Fixed ratio; variable intervalD.Fixed ratio; fixed interval

Weight-loss maintainers are more likely than individuals who relapse toGroup of answer choicessincerely believe that they eat less than they do.restrict their weight-reduction plan to no longer than 25 weeks.believe that only temporary lifestyle changes are needed.use social support and to be conscious of their behavior.

Stylish weight-loss plans that promise significant weight loss in short periods of time, often through cutting out food groups or buying premade meals