Nishika is hesitant to swim in the ocean because she vividly remembers a documentary about shark attacks she watched last week. Which Heuristic is influencing Nishika’s perception of the likelihood of encountering a shark while swimming?Group of answer choicesAffect HeuristicRepresentativeness HeuristicAvailability HeuristicBarnum Effect

DescriptionRead the passage carefully and pick the option whose answer best aligns with the passage.Cuttlefish are full of personality, as behavioral ecologist Alexandra Schnell found out while researching the cephalopod's potential to display self-control. . . . “Self-control is thought to be the cornerstone of intelligence, as it is an important prerequisite for complex decision-making and planning for the future,” says Schnell . . .[Schnell's] study used a modified version of the “marshmallow test” . . . During the original marshmallow test, psychologist Walter Mischel presented children between ages four and six with one marshmallow. He told them that if they waited 15 minutes and didn’t eat it, he would give them a second marshmallow. A long-term follow-up study showed that the children who waited for the second marshmallow had more success later in life. . . . The cuttlefish version of the experiment looked a lot different. The researchers worked with six cuttlefish under nine months old and presented them with seafood instead of sweets.(Preliminary experiments showed that cuttlefish’ favorite food is live grass shrimp, while raw prawns are so-so and Asian shore crab is nearly unacceptable.) Since the researchers couldn’t explain to the cuttlefish that they would need to wait for their shrimp, they trained them to recognize certain shapes that indicated when a food item would become available.The symbols were pasted on transparent drawers so that the cuttlefish could see the food that was stored inside. One drawer, labeled with a circle to mean “immediate,” held raw king prawn. Another drawer, labeled with a triangle to mean “delayed,” held live grass shrimp. During a control experiment, square labels meant “never.”“If their self-control is flexible and I hadn’t just trained them to wait in any context, you would expect the cuttlefish to take the immediate reward [in the control], even if it’s their second preference,” says Schnell . . . and that’s what they did. That showed the researchers that cuttlefish wouldn’t reject the prawns if it was the only food available. In the experimental trials, the cuttlefish didn’t jump on the prawns if the live grass shrimp were labeled with a triangle—many waited for the shrimp drawer to open up. Each time the cuttlefish showed it could wait, the researchers tacked another ten seconds onto the next round of waiting before releasing the shrimp. The longest that a cuttlefish waited was 130 seconds.Schnell [says] that the cuttlefish usually sat at the bottom of the tank and looked at the two food items while they waited, but sometimes, they would turn away from the king prawn “as if to distract themselves from the temptation of the immediate reward.” In past studies, humans, chimpanzees, parrots and dogs also tried to distract themselves while waiting for a reward.Not every species can use self-control, but most of the animals can share another trait in common: long, social lives. Cuttlefish, on the other hand, are solitary creatures that don’t form relationships even with mates or young. . . . “We don’t know if living in a social group is important for complex cognition unless we also show those abilities are lacking in less social species,” says . . . comparative psychologist Jennifer Vonk.In which one of the following scenarios would the cuttlefish’s behavior demonstrate self-control?Please select your Answer.Asian shore crabs and raw prawns are simultaneously released while a live grass shrimp drawer labeled with a triangle is placed in front of the cuttlefish, to be opened after one minute.raw prawns are released while a live grass shrimp drawer labeled with a square is placed in front of the cuttlefish.live grass shrimp are released while two raw prawn drawers labeled with a circle and a triangle respectively are placed in front of the cuttlefish; the triangle-labeled drawer is opened after 50 seconds.raw prawns are released while an Asian shore crab drawer labeled with a triangle is placed in front of the cuttlefish, to be opened after one minute.

Sarah sees an older lady who is wearing glasses and has her hair styled in a bun. Sarah guesses that the lady is her school's librarian because she fits Sarah's librarian stereotype, even though there are far more teachers than librarians at her school. What has Sarah fallen prey to?Multiple choice question.representativeness heuristicendowment effectavailability heuristicconfirmation bias

Kathy is studying adaptations in tropical fish. Which of the following is not an adaptation to prevent predators from eating a fish?Group of answer choicescamouflagethe ability to change direction quicklya sucker-like moutha spiny tail

What is the affect heuristic as described in the text?9 of 74A visceral response to the mere existence of riskA calculated assessment of expected utilityA method of risk aversionA way to evaluate probabilities

The affect heuristic is applied when people:  Let affect change their assessment of the value of money   Let their likes and dislikes determine their beliefs about the world   Allow their moods to affect their decisions   Find reasons to change their affect   Let heurstics affect their decisions