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13 Consider the cubic equation x3 − kx + (k + 11) = 0:a Use long division to show that k = x2 + x + 1 + 12x − 1 .b Hence find all the integer values of k for which the equation has at least one positive integer solutionfor x

Question

13 Consider the cubic equation x3 − kx + (k + 11) = 0:a Use long division to show that k = x2 + x + 1 + 12x − 1 .b Hence find all the integer values of k for which the equation has at least one positive integer solutionfor x

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Solution

Claro, vamos a resolver el problema paso a paso.

Parte a: Usar la división larga para mostrar que k=x2+x+1+12x1 k = x^2 + x + 1 + \frac{12}{x - 1}

Primero, consideremos la ecuación cúbica x3kx+(k+11)=0 x^3 - kx + (k + 11) = 0 .

Queremos usar la división larga para dividir x3kx+(k+11) x^3 - kx + (k + 11) por x1 x - 1 .

  1. División larga:

    Dividimos x3kx+(k+11) x^3 - kx + (k + 11) por x1 x - 1 :

    x1x3kxk+11x2+x+1x3x2x2kxk+11x2x(k1)xk+11(k1)x+(k1)12 \begin{array}{r|rrr} x - 1 & x^3 & -kx & k + 11 \\ \hline & x^2 & + x & + 1 \\ \hline x^3 & - x^2 & & \\ \hline & x^2 & - kx & k + 11 \\ & x^2 & - x & & \\ \hline & & - (k - 1)x & k + 11 \\ & & - (k - 1)x & + (k - 1) \\ \hline & & & 12 \\ \end{array}

    Entonces, el cociente es x2+x+1 x^2 + x + 1 y el residuo es 12.

    Por lo tanto, podemos escribir:

    x3kx+(k+11)=(x1)(x2+x+1)+12 x^3 - kx + (k + 11) = (x - 1)(x^2 + x + 1) + 12

  2. Igualar los coeficientes:

    Para que la ecuación sea válida, el residuo debe ser igual a 12. Entonces, podemos escribir:

    k=x2+x+1+12x1 k = x^2 + x + 1 + \frac{12}{x - 1}

Parte b: Encontrar todos los valores enteros de k k para los cuales la ecuación tiene al menos una solución entera positiva para x x

Para que k k sea un entero, 12x1 \frac{12}{x - 1} debe ser un entero. Esto significa que x1 x - 1 debe ser un divisor de 12.

Los divisores de 12 son: ±1,±2,±3,±4,±6,±12 \pm 1, \pm 2, \pm 3, \pm 4, \pm 6, \pm 12 .

Consideramos solo los valores positivos de x x :

  1. Si x1=1 x - 1 = 1 , entonces x=2 x = 2 : k=22+2+1+121=4+2+1+12=19 k = 2^2 + 2 + 1 + \frac{12}{1} = 4 + 2 + 1 + 12 = 19

  2. Si x1=2 x - 1 = 2 , entonces x=3 x = 3 : k=32+3+1+122=9+3+1+6=19 k = 3^2 + 3 + 1 + \frac{12}{2} = 9 + 3 + 1 + 6 = 19

  3. Si x1=3 x - 1 = 3 , entonces x=4 x = 4 : k=42+4+1+123=16+4+1+4=25 k = 4^2 + 4 + 1 + \frac{12}{3} = 16 + 4 + 1 + 4 = 25

  4. Si x1=4 x - 1 = 4 , entonces x=5 x = 5 : k=52+5+1+124=25+5+1+3=34 k = 5^2 + 5 + 1 + \frac{12}{4} = 25 + 5 + 1 + 3 = 34

  5. Si x1=6 x - 1 = 6 , entonces x=7 x = 7 : k=72+7+1+126=49+7+1+2=59 k = 7^2 + 7 + 1 + \frac{12}{6} = 49 + 7 + 1 + 2 = 59

  6. Si x1=12 x - 1 = 12 , entonces x=13 x = 13 : k=132+13+1+1212=169+13+1+1=184 k = 13^2 + 13 + 1 + \frac{12}{12} = 169 + 13 + 1 + 1 = 184

Por lo tanto, los valores enteros de k k para los cuales la ecuación tiene al menos una solución entera positiva para x x son:

k=19,25,34,59,184 k = 19, 25, 34, 59, 184

This problem has been solved

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