In a study by Reidy and Richards (1997), individuals were asked to learn lists containing threatening and non-threatening words. When asked to recall the words after a delay, highly anxious individuals were much better at recalling the negative words. This finding is hypothesised to demonstrate which of the following? Select ALL that apply.Group of answer choicesThat anxiety enhances memory.That anxious people show a memory bias towards negative stimuli.That anxious people are more intelligent.That anxious people pay more attention to threat.

A psychiatrist performing a mental exam reads a list of 10 unrelated words that she asks her patient to memorize. The exam continues, and two minutes later, the psychiatrist requests that the patient write down as many words as they can recall. If most of the remembered words come from the end of the list, this is an example of: A.the bystander effect.B.the recency effect.C.the cognitive bias effect.D.negative reinforcement.

sessions that in turn leads to long-term corrective learn-ing (Foa & Kozak, 1986; Foa & McNally, 1996). Mostrecently, we have emphasized optimizing inhibitorylearning and its retrieval in ways that are not necessar-ily dependent on reductions in fear throughout trials ofexposure (Craske et al., 2008); we discuss this approachbelow.Emotional processing theory emphasizes mecha-nisms of habituation as precursors to cognitive correc-tion. Specifically, emotional processing theory purportsthat the effects of exposure therapy derive from activa-tion of a “fear structure” and integration of informationthat is incompatible with it, resulting in the develop-ment of a non-fear structure that replaces or competeswith the original one. Incompatible information derivesfirst from within-session habituation, or reduction infear responding with prolonged exposure to the fearstimulus. Within-session habituation is seen as a pre-requisite for the second piece of incompatible informa-tion, which derives from between-session habituationover repeated occasions of exposure. Between-sessionhabituation is purported to form the basis for long-termlearning and to be mediated by changes in “meaning,”or lowered probability of harm (i.e., risk) and lessenednegativity (i.e., valence) of the stimulus. Emotionalprocessing theory guides clinicians to focus on the ini-tial elevation of fear followed by within- and between-session reductions in fear as signs of treatment success.Although enticing in its face validity, support for thetheory has been inconsistent at best (Craske et al.,2008; Craske, Liao, Brown, & Vervliet, 2012). Rather,the evidence suggests that the amount by which fear ha-bituates from the beginning to the end of an exposurepractice is not a good predictor of overall outcomes, andthat evidence for between-session habituation is mixed(Craske et al., 2008, 2012).A return to the science of fear learning and extinctionmay help to explain the effects of exposure therapy andthereby optimize its implementation. It is now thoughtthat inhibitory learning is central to extinction (Bou-ton, 1993). Inhibitory pathways are also recognized inthe neurobiology of fear extinction (see Sotres-Bayon,Cain, & LeDoux, 2006). Within a Pavlovian condi-tioning approach, inhibitory learning means that theoriginal conditioned stimulus–unconditioned stimulus(CS-US) association learned during fear conditioningis not erased during extinction, but rather is left intactas a new, secondary learning about the CS-US devel-ops (Bouton, 1993). The degree to which inhibitory as-sociations shape fear responding at retest (the index ofstrength and stability of new “learning”) is independentof fear levels expressed throughout extinction and in-stead is dependent on factors such as context and time.Based on the inhibitory retrieval model of extinction,outcomes may be enhanced by strategies that do notrely on fear reduction within a trial of exposure (Craske

It is important to understand that cognitive responses to communication apprehension are not the same as physiological responses.  Group of answer choicesTrueFalse

Ulrich Neisser criticized early memory experiments for their lack of Group of answer choicesa. internal validityb. external validityc. ecological validityd. reliability

Very brief exposures to faces of people from different ethnic backgrounds (about whom one has a negative attitude) frequently causes people to respond faster to words with negative meanings than to words with positive meanings. This technique or type of research is known as ________.Question 10Answera.the bona fide pipelineb.category activation c.implicit racismd.the superordinate memory effect