A 6-month-old male infant is hospitalized for nausea, vomiting, fevers, and failure to tolerate oral medica- tions. He is placed on Phenergan per rectum once daily to treat the nausea and vomiting. Which of the following statements is true about this route of administration? * (A) Allows destruction of the medication by gastric enzymes (B) Maximal biotransformation of the drug by the liver (C) Rectal administration of medications is well accepted (D) Rectal irritation following administration is uncommon (E) Useful if patient is unconscious or vomiting

Consider the following scenarioYour local community pharmacy has received the following prescription which needs to be extemporaneously prepared. The medication is prescribed for Master Ben Bee, 10 year old, of average body weight who has been diagnosed with acute uncomplicated diarrhoea.RxKaolin Mixt. Paediatric BPLight Kaolin                                          1gRaspberry Syrup                                  1mLBenzoic Acid Solution                           0.1mLDouble-strength Chloroform Water        2.5 mLPurified Water to                                  5 mLM 100 mLGive 5-10 ml qqh prnAnswer the following questions:List the function of all the ingredients contained in the formulation. Explain why there are more than one preservative present in this formulation.Discuss the formulation factors that can influence the stability of this product.In your compounding dispensary, there is a stock solution of concentrated chloroform water (CCW) on the shelf. Calculate how much CCW solution (in mL) you will need use to prepare this product.Calculate all the quantities of the excipients you will need to dispense this prescription.Apart from the product the doctor has prescribed, can you suggest another pharmacy product (oral dosage form) that can be recommended to manage an acute uncomplicated diarrhoea in childrenThe following information may be helpful when answering these questions:Kaolin - is hydrated aluminium silicate powder  with the particle diameter of 0.6-0.8 µm. It is practically insoluble in water, organic solvents, dilute acid and solutions of alkali hydroxides. pH is 4.0 - 7.5 for a 20% w/v aqueous slurry. It is used in oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations as adsorbent. Oral doses of up to about 24 g of kaolin have been administered in the treatment of diarrhea. The adsorbent properties of kaolin may interfere with the absorption of other orally administered drugs. Light kaolin contains suitable dispersing agent. Kaolin may contain Clostridium and bacillus spores. Mixtures containing kaolin should be freshly prepared unless kaolin has been sterilised.Benzoic acid - is widely used in cosmetics, foods, and pharmaceuticals as an antimicrobial preservative. Benzoic acid solutions contain 1 - 5% benzoic acid. Greatest antimicrobial activity is seen at pH values between 2.5 - 4.5. A 0.1% w/v aqueous solution of benzoic acid has been reported as being stable for at least 8 weeks when stored at room temperature. Benzoic acid may dissociate into benzoate anion (-) which can adsorb onto drug particles in suspensions to affect the physical stability of the product.Concentrated chloroform water and chloroform water contain 10% v/v and 0.25% v/v of chloroform in water respectively.Ref: APF, Martindale, BP, Pharmaceutical excipients

The following medicines must be independently checked by the first health professional who is the administrator and a second health professional separately and come back together to confirm that it is the correct medicine and dose according to the prescription:controlled drugsparenteral medicines and solutionsmedicines requiring a mathematical calculation to ascertain correct dosemedicines for neonatal patientsmedicines for paediatric patientswhen the health professional is unfamiliar with the medicine or patient condition/statusthere are any concerns about the safety of practice relating to anty aspect of the prescriptionthe programming of electronic devices e.g. volumetric pumpsReference - 2020 Medicines Management PolicySelect one:TrueFalse

A patient on neostigmine complained of frequent diarrhea and salivation. Which is the best nursing action for this situation?*1 pointEducate client about drug therapy to alleviate anxiety as these are expected drug effects.Withhold the dose of the drug and refer to physician.Arrange for increasing the dose of the drug as it is not effective.Document patient response and endorse accordingly for bedside care.Anticholinergic drugs are useD*1 pointTo allow the sympathetic system to dominateTo block the parasympathetic system, which is commonly hyperactiveAs the drugs of choice for treating ulcersTo stimulate GI activityAtropine and scopolamine work by blocking what receptor(s) in the parasympathetic nervous system?*1 pointNicotinic receptors onlyMuscarinic and nicotinic receptorsMuscarinic receptors onlyAdrenergic receptors to allow cholinergic receptors to dominateWhich of the following suggestions would the nurse make to help a patient who is receiving an anticholinergic agent reduce the risks associated with decreased sweating?*1 pointCovering the head and using sunscreenEnsuring hydration and temperature controlChanging position slowly and protecting from the sunMonitoring for difficulty swallowing and breathingWhich of the following would the nurse be least likely to include when developing a teaching plan for a patient who is receiving an anticholinergic agent?*1 pointEncouraging the patient to void before dosingSetting up a bowel program to deal with constipationEncouraging the patient to use sugarless lozenges to combat dry mouthPerforming exercises to increase the heart rateRemembering that anticholinergics block the effects of PNS, the nurse would question an order for an anticholinergic drug for patients with which of the following conditions?*1 pointBiliary spasmsBradycardiaGlaucomaAsthmaThe nurse, caring for a client receiving a cholinergic drug, should observe for increased symptoms of which of the following processes?*1 pointHypertensionHeart failureCardiac dysrhythmiasAsthmaA client diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease is prescribed donzepil (Aricept) for treatment. The client has a medical history of osteoarthritis and GERD. For what possible complications of this drug therapy should the nurse assess in the client?*1 pointTachycardiaBradycardiaAspirationMuscle painPyridostigmine (Mestinon) is prescribed for a client diagnosed with myasthenia gravis. Priority nursing assessment includes assessing the:*1 pointAbility to chew and swallow.Vital signs.Urinary status.Bowel motility.The nurse provides preoperative teaching for a client on the side effects of atropine given as a preoperative medication. The nurse informs the client to expect:*1 pointDecreased heart rate.Dry mouth.Sedation.Increased urination.Anticholinergic drugs like atropine are given preoperatively to:*1 pointMinimize the amount of analgesia needed postoperatively.Provide a more rapid induction of anesthesiaDecrease the risk of bradycardia during surgery.Induce relaxation prior to induction of anesthesia.

Two reasons for Delayed Release dosage forms are to protect the ________ and the _______. A. Drug and the patient’s liver B. Stomach and the intestines C. Drug and the manufacturer D. Stomach and the medicinal product

Suggest 2 reasons why some medicines must be taken with or after food.