The hardness of water is primarily caused by the presence of multivalent cations, specifically calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+). These are the main contributors to carbonate hardness. Sodium (Na+) does not contribute to the hardness of water. Therefore, the answer is "Both Ca2+ & Mg2+".

Here are the steps to understand this:

1. Understand what carbonate hardness is: Carbonate hardness refers to the measure of the concentration of carbonate (CO32-) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) anions. It is a type of water hardness.

2. Identify the cations involved: In the context of carbonate hardness, the relevant cations are usually multivalent, meaning they have a charge greater than 1+. The cations mentioned in the question are magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), and calcium (Ca2+).

3. Determine which cations contribute to hardness: Sodium ions (Na+) are monovalent (having a charge of 1+), and thus do not contribute to water hardness. On the other hand, calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) are both divalent (having a charge of 2+), and they do contribute to water hardness.

4. Therefore, the answer is "Both Ca2+ & Mg2+".

Question

The hardness of water is primarily caused by the presence of multivalent cations, specifically calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+). These are the main contributors to carbonate hardness. Sodium (Na+) does not contribute to the hardness of water. Therefore, the answer is "Both Ca2+ & Mg2+".

Here are the steps to understand this:

1. Understand what carbonate hardness is: Carbonate hardness refers to the measure of the concentration of carbonate (CO32-) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) anions. It is a type of water hardness.

2. Identify the cations involved: In the context of carbonate hardness, the relevant cations are usually multivalent, meaning they have a charge greater than 1+. The cations mentioned in the question are magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), and calcium (Ca2+).

3. Determine which cations contribute to hardness: Sodium ions (Na+) are monovalent (having a charge of 1+), and thus do not contribute to water hardness. On the other hand, calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) are both divalent (having a charge of 2+), and they do contribute to water hardness.

4. Therefore, the answer is "Both Ca2+ & Mg2+".

Knowee AI · Accepted Answer

The hardness of water is primarily caused by the presence of multivalent cations, specifically calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+). These are the main contributors to carbonate hardness. Sodium (Na+) does not contribute to the hardness of water. Therefore, the answer is "Both Ca2+ & Mg2+".

Here are the steps to understand this:

1. Understand what carbonate hardness is: Carbonate hardness refers to the measure of the concentration of carbonate (CO32-) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) anions. It is a type of water hardness.

2. Identify the cations involved: In the context of carbonate hardness, the relevant cations are usually multivalent, meaning they have a charge greater than 1+. The cations mentioned in the question are magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), and calcium (Ca2+).

3. Determine which cations contribute to hardness: Sodium ions (Na+) are monovalent (having a charge of 1+), and thus do not contribute to water hardness. On the other hand, calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) are both divalent (having a charge of 2+), and they do contribute to water hardness.

4. Therefore, the answer is "Both Ca2+ & Mg2+".

In carbonate hardness cations are ans. Mg2+ Na+ Ca2+ Both Ca2+ & Mg2+

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