Consider the following information from epidemiological studies presented below, and state which one of the Hill's criteria (guidelines) is supported by each of the statements. Please just state a criterion; no need to elaborate on why a particular criterion has been chosen. (15 Marks; 3 marks per each correctly identified Hill's criterion) A. Current study showed that the risk of low birth weight is 96% higher among women who consumed caffeine during the most recent pregnancy in comparison to those who did not consume caffeine during pregnancy. B. Researchers conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis on the association between maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and risk of low birth weight. They identified 13 prospective studies conducted in diverse populations, and all studies reported an association between higher maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and a higher risk of delivering low birth weight infants. C. In the current study on the association between maternal caffeine intake (low, medium, high) during pregnancy and risk of low birth weight, the researchers observed that women who had low caffeine consumption during their pregnancy had a 40% increase in risk of delivering low birth infants compared to women who did not consume any caffeine during pregnancy. Similarly, women who had moderate caffeine consumption had a 90% increase in risk, and women with high caffeine consumption during pregnancy had a 150% increase in risk of delivering low birth infants compared to women who did not consume any caffeine during pregnancy. D. Caffeine has a similar molecular structure to that of other chemicals that are known to affect human cell division and growth. T E. Several animal studies have shown an association between caffeine intake and lower foetal weight.

Research shows that high caffeine consumption (3-5 cups daily) will not impact fetal development

Women who consume_________ milligrams or more of caffeine a day increase the risk of miscarriage.答案选项组100 milligrams200 milligrams300 milligrams400 milligrams

Which of the following is true about lifestyle habits and pregnancy?Multiple ChoiceRepeated intake of four or more alcoholic drinks at one sitting is harmful to the fetus.Use of tobacco products can be harmful for maternal health but has no impact on the developing fetus.Foodborne illness can be harmful for maternal health but has no impact on the developing fetus.All females must avoid NutraSweet(R) during pregnancy because phenylalanine causes problems with fetal brain development.

DIRECTION: Read the paragraph and find the correct assumption that answer them below: Studies last year concluded coffee drinking had little, if any, effect on the risk of pancreatic or kidney cancer. A study of 59,000 women in Sweden found no link between caffeine and kidney cancer. Another review suggested that those who drink coffee have half the risk of pancreatic cancer. Which of the following statements, if true, would weaken the conclusion drawn above?Choices:- The study is done in cold countries only, countries in arid and semi-arid regions are not considered under this study. Indians drink more coffee than the Swedish do. The caffeine content is different in different varieties of coffee. Intake of 15 ml to 30 ml of milk per day offsets the negative effects of caffeine. The study did not consider the milk intake.

Which direct effect of caffeine is most dangerous when consumed in amounts greater than recommended especially for individuals who are not typically active and/or are not "trained"?Group of answer choicesIncrease in anxiety and insomnia.Increase in urine and acid production.Increased risk of dehydration because caffeine is a diuretic.None of these are dangerous as they are all normal effects of a central nervous system stimulant.Increase in heart rate.