Gandhiji was the first leader during the freedom struggle who could mobilise the common people for anational movement. By 1919, Gandhiji had become a popular figure most endeared to the masses. He wasassociated with numerous movements that aimed at independence as well as a reformed society. Themovements under him were non-violent. He propagated 'Satyagraha' and ahimsa'. The methods he askedpeople to follow were very simple and hence became popular but the results were effective and longlasting.In 1919 (after the First World War), the Government of India Act, also known as the Montagu- ChelmsfordReforms, was passed. The important features of the act were as follows:The Central Legislative Council was now to consist of two houses The Imperial Legislative Assembly and theCouncil of State. This system was the bicameral system. The majority in both houses was made up ofelected members.The provinces were to follow the dual government system or dyarchy. The state subjects were clearlydemarcated into two divisions-reserved and transferred. The subjects considered more important (e.g.,finance and police) were categorised under the reserved list. This list was under the control of the governorand his council. Subjects considered less important (e.g., public health, education) were put under theministers. These ministers were responsible to the legislature. Hence, power still rested in British hands.The Government of India Act 1919 disappointed the Indians. There were protests all over. The British triedto control the situation by passing the Rowlatt Act (1919). This Act authorised the government to imprisonany person without trial or conviction in a court of law. It was branded by the name of 'Black Act'. Gandhijilaunched an anti-Rowlatt Satyagraha. He gave message to Indians that 6 April 1919 was to be observed as aday of hartal (strike), fasting and prayer. The Act was widely criticised.a. Which act was known as Black Act? Give reason.b. Name the person who propagated the ideals of satyagraha and swaraj.c. Define dyarchy.
Question
Gandhiji was the first leader during the freedom struggle who could mobilise the common people for anational movement. By 1919, Gandhiji had become a popular figure most endeared to the masses. He wasassociated with numerous movements that aimed at independence as well as a reformed society. Themovements under him were non-violent. He propagated 'Satyagraha' and ahimsa'. The methods he askedpeople to follow were very simple and hence became popular but the results were effective and longlasting.In 1919 (after the First World War), the Government of India Act, also known as the Montagu- ChelmsfordReforms, was passed. The important features of the act were as follows:The Central Legislative Council was now to consist of two houses The Imperial Legislative Assembly and theCouncil of State. This system was the bicameral system. The majority in both houses was made up ofelected members.The provinces were to follow the dual government system or dyarchy. The state subjects were clearlydemarcated into two divisions-reserved and transferred. The subjects considered more important (e.g.,finance and police) were categorised under the reserved list. This list was under the control of the governorand his council. Subjects considered less important (e.g., public health, education) were put under theministers. These ministers were responsible to the legislature. Hence, power still rested in British hands.The Government of India Act 1919 disappointed the Indians. There were protests all over. The British triedto control the situation by passing the Rowlatt Act (1919). This Act authorised the government to imprisonany person without trial or conviction in a court of law. It was branded by the name of 'Black Act'. Gandhijilaunched an anti-Rowlatt Satyagraha. He gave message to Indians that 6 April 1919 was to be observed as aday of hartal (strike), fasting and prayer. The Act was widely criticised.a. Which act was known as Black Act? Give reason.b. Name the person who propagated the ideals of satyagraha and swaraj.c. Define dyarchy.
Solution
a. The act known as the Black Act was the Rowlatt Act of 1919. It was called so because it authorized the British government to imprison any person without trial or conviction in a court of law, which was seen as a dark and oppressive law.
b. The person who propagated the ideals of satyagraha and swaraj was Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, popularly known as Gandhiji.
c. Dyarchy, also known as dual government system, was a constitutional arrangement introduced by the Government of India Act 1919, where the provincial subjects were divided into two categories - reserved and transferred. The reserved subjects were controlled by the governor and his council, while the transferred subjects were put under the ministers who were responsible to the legislature.
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anti-colonial nationalist and political ethicist who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British rule. He inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. The honorific Mahātmā (from Sanskrit 'great-souled, venerable'), first applied to him in South Africa in 1914, is now used throughout the world.[2]
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