Passage 1 (2 points): Read the following text and complete the summary WITH NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS.What is CNC?Nothing is more than a simple Mill or Lathe with a computer control accompanied to control its working.Conventional MachinesConventional mills/lathes are controlled by machinists. They can freely control the axis movements, can choose spindle speed of their liking and can change the tool at their will.CNC MachinesOn a CNC machine, every step tool-change/spindle-speed/axis-movement is controlled through CNC machine control. A CNC machinist can only Start/Stop/Control-tool-cutting.Every CNC program block might consist of multiple instructions (called G-Codes/M-Codes, etc.). These programs are made or written by CNC-Programmers. In the past, most of the programs were written by hand, but nowadays multiple software is available which ease this whole process.Part program is stored inside the CNC machine memory called CNC Programs Directory. Therefore, CNC machinists select the required part program for execution. That part program is run by CNC machinist by pressing Cycle-Start, and the control is transferred to the CNC machine control which reads the part-program and instructs different parts of CNC machine to do the required operation. By this way, the part-program instructions are executed block by block.If during this whole process, anything goes wrong then CNC machinist can stop the cutting tool motion (Feed-Hold), or he can completely stop the machine (Cycle-Stop). Even CNC machinist can press Emergency-Stop-Button if anything dangerous happens or is going to happen. If everything goes well during part-program execution then machine automatically stops at the end of part program.SUMMARYOn conventional machines, a machinist can decide the (1) , spindle speed or change the tool. On a CNC machine, CNC machine (2) does all the steps. A CNC machinist only needs to press the control buttons. CNC programs are written by CNC programmers. They use a wide variety of available (3) to write the program instead of doing it mechanically. Part program is stored in CNC programs Directory. All of its part-program (4) are executed block by block. During the whole process, in case of having problems, CNC machinists can decide what to do by pressing buttons to control. If the process goes well during part-program execution, automatically the machine (5) at the end of part program.

Read the passage and fill in the blank WITH NO MORE THAN THREE WORDSHow to Operate a CNC Machine?A computer numerical control (CNC) mill is capable of cutting and drilling many different types of material including steel, aluminum, wood and plastic. An CNC mill operator is in charge of making sure that the parts coming out are well within the specifications dictated by the print. By cleaning the contact surfaces and making sure that tools are in good shape, he can keep a production run going without any wasted raw material. This waste can cost a manufacturing company thousands of dollars, so a good, knowledgeable operator is essential.Clean off the table and tooling after every cycle. It is important to make sure that the machine is clean and that the vise or fixture is free from chip build up. If a chip gets under a piece of raw material, the dimensions of that finished part may be compromised. Chips on the flutes of a drill may also cause breakage, so tooling must be blown off after the cycle is finished.Check the tips of end mills and drills to make sure that they are still usable during the production run. A chipped end mill or drill can cause a machine overload. Overloads can damage the machine as well as the part that is being cut. To prevent these types of tooling failure, an operator must not only check the tooling when the machine is stooped, but they must pay careful attention to load meters to watch for overloads.Adjust the tooling offsets for worn tools that do not need to be replaced. By stopping the run and checking a part, an operator can take control of sizing and assure that no pieces are off. The operator can also re-teach any tools that have been changed at this time and clean off the table and get the machine ready for the cycle.Check the parts for size as they come out of the machine. After a part is done and another one is put in for machining, it is always best to check very third piece or so to make sure that are the key dimensions are on point and within the tolerances in the print. Certain dimensions can be fixed with tool offsets on the control of a CNC mill or lathe.De-burr the parts to take off sharp edges. Operators must de-burr all cut edges so that the next person to handle the parts is not cut. In many cases, the machining of the part is the last process, so de-burring the parts will get them ready for powder-coating or assembly. need cleaning to keep a production run going without wasted material.When a chip gets under a piece of raw material, the may be compromised.Test the tips of end to make sure that they are still good while the production runs.If you don’t want to replace worm tools, re-tension the for them.Sometimes the of components is the last process, so de-burring them will get ready for powder-coating or assembly.

Read the passage and answer the following questions WITH NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER.HOW TO USE A LATHE MACHINE?Basically, a lathe machine is a tool used to shape metals. The material is rotated in the cylindrical motion and then touches a cutting tool to it which cuts the material. The metal sheet is fixed on the chuck of the lathe machine and then the chuck rotates in the vertical direction as well as right and left direction and touching byte’s tip to the material to cut the metal. The original lathe machine when invented used to complete tasks like cutting cylindrical metal sheets and then it was further developed to produce screw threads, tapered work, drilled holes, knurled surfaces, and crankshafts. The modern lathe machines available nowadays, offer the facility of rotating speeds as well as adjusting manually and automatically the cutting tool. There are different types available like light duty, medium duty, heavy duty, extra heavy duty, all geared, imported, CNC, roll turning and many more. No matter what type it is, you need to follow the below given basic instructions while using it.You need to ensure that it should not be started cold. First of all, warm up the lathe machine for 10 minutes, setting its speed up to 1000 rpm. It should also be well lubricated and you need to check all the tools and ensure that they are tight.Now, the tool holder should be located and tool block should be inserted in it. The spot is supposed to be located in the tool block where you can insert a cutter. Also for safety reasons, you need to tighter the tool block as tighter as you can. The cutters allow the users to cut from left to right, which is also known as cutting on a Z axis.The tail stock is to be located where drill chuck can be inserted. The tail stock is very useful as it helps in drilling holes in the metal. The crank at the end of the measuring device helps in performing precision depths to the cuts.The next step would be to set your zero and stop the turning spindle. You need to get a tool holder and put in at least 0.5 inch block between the tip of your tool and the metal sheet. Slide the tool holder in and out on an X axis to tighten it. The micrometer wheel should be set to zero.Also you need to set your X zero point by pulling the Z axis tool towards the spindle and slide 0.5 inch block between the tool and the work piece. You also need to set the X axis micrometer to zero and turn the wheel 0.5 inch away.So, now if you want to cut 0.5 inches from the metal sheet keep X axis and Z axis both 0.25 inches away from the metal sheet and then start the spindle.How many uses does a modern lathe machine offer? How long does it take to heat the lathe machine? What allows the users to cut from left to right? What is needed to drill holes in the metal? What is the distance between the tip of the tool and the metal sheet?

Read the text and fill in the blanks WITH ONLY ONE WORD.Machining and CNCMaching is the use of machines to cut pieces of material (called workpiece) and shape them into components. The tools used in machining, to make holes, grooves, threads, etc., are called machine tools. Metal is often machined. As it is cut, waste is produced, called swaft or chips. During machining, a liquid called cutting fluid may be pumped onto the workpiece to act as a coolant, keeping the workpiece cool. In manufacturing, machining is usually guided by computers called computer numerical control (CNC) systems. Often, design information ( on shapes and sizes of components) is fed directly into CNC systems from computer aided design/ computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) software.Machining with cutting toolsMilling is cutting done by a milling machine, often using toothed cutting discs ( wheel with teeth that have sharp edges). When a workpiece is milled, it is held in a fix position on the machine, and is shaped by cutting tools which rotate (spin) while being moved over the surface of the workpiece.Turning is a technique for cutting components that have a circular cross-section. The workpiece is turned by a machine called a lathe, which rotates the workpiece. A fixed machine tool is then moved against the rotating worpiece to cut material from it.Punching: Thin materials can be cut by applying pressure in order to shear them- that is, cut them with scissoring force ( in engineering, called a shear force). Small shapes, such as circles, can be sheared from sheets using a machine called a punch which pushes a die ( a shaped tool) through the sheet.1. The waste metal produces during machining is called 2. Metal gets hot during cutting, so cutting fluid can be used as a .3. Drawings can be produced and traferred to the machining process using .4. A milling machine uses toothed cutting discs to mill a held in a fix position on the machine.5. Turning means cutting components that have a circular cross-section. A lathe is used to turn and the workpiece.

ELEMENTS OF CNC SYSTEM

A simple machine is a device with few or no moving parts that can change the motion and force applied to an object. Simple machines can make work easier by providing a mechanical advantage.