: Historical Evolution of HDI

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The Human Development Index (HDI) was introduced by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 1990 as a new way to measure development by combining indicators of life expectancy, educational attainment and income into a composite human development index.

The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Development Reports of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990, and had the explicit purpose "to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies".

The HDI was created to emphasize that people and their capabilities should be the ultimate criteria for assessing the development of a country, not economic growth alone. The HDI can also be used to question national policy choices, asking how two countries with the same level of GNI per capita can end up with different human development outcomes.

Over the years, the HDI has been updated and new dimensions have been added. For example, the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) was introduced in 2010. The IHDI takes into account inequality in all three dimensions of the HDI by 'discounting' each dimension's average value according to its level of inequality.

In 2010, the UNDP also introduced the Gender Development Index (GDI), which measures gender inequalities, and the Gender Inequality Index (GII), which reflects women's disadvantage in three dimensions—reproductive health, empowerment and the labour market.

In conclusion, the HDI has evolved over time to reflect a broader understanding of human development, incorporating elements such as gender and income inequality.