A group of neuroscientists led by Lily X. Zhang, Carlos P. Gutierrez, and Emily G. Simmons examined the mechanism that enables the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to enhance memory recall under stress conditions. They substituted the protein M1 receptor in laboratory rats with a similar protein found in another species (fruit fly) that, unlike the rats, exhibits no enhancement in memory recall with increased stress. A comparison of unmodified rats with the altered ones showed no difference in memory recall under normal conditions, but under stress, the unmodified rats demonstrated improved memory recall while the altered ones did not, which implies that ______14 Mark For Review14Which choice most logically completes the text?A) Stress-responsive enhanced memory recall is exclusive to laboratory rats. B) Rats augment M1 receptor production in stressful conditions. C) M1 receptor enables rats to react to increased stress.D) Stress levels of at least a certain threshold are required for rats to improve memory recall.

Physical modifications important for consolidating memory are particularly apparent in the hippocampus, especially a pathway called the Schaffer Collateral, which contains CA1 (cornu Ammonis) neurons that have been implicated in learning and memory.  To study learning and memory in live mice, scientists use a stimulating electrode to generate brief electrical pulses on the dendrites of CA1 neurons in the Schaffer Collateral pathway and use a recording electrode to measure the excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in the CA1 postsynaptic neurons.In Study 1, researchers used brief low-frequency stimulations (1-5 stimuli per second) to establish a baseline response in the CA1 postsynaptic neurons.  Then, the same dendrites were given a high-frequency stimulation (50-100 stimuli per second), referred to as a tetanus.  The researchers discovered that the high-frequency tetanus induced an increase in the response in postsynaptic CA1 neurons that was long-lasting.  For the control, the researchers established a baseline in a second set of CA1 neurons in the same region but did not give a high-frequency tetanus (Figure 1).Figure 1  CA1 neuron response after a brief tetanus (experimental) or no tetanus (control)In a second behavioral study, mice were housed in either a standard cage (control) or a cage with an enhanced learning environment, including toys and access to a running wheel (experimental condition).  For the first 12 days, both groups of mice received injections of a dye that is incorporated into newly synthesized DNA, thereby providing a biomarker of neurogenesis.Following 30 days in their respective environments, all mice were tested each day for one week in the Morris Water Maze, a test that measures spatial learning and memory consolidation.  Results showed that mice in the experimental condition demonstrated greater improvement on Morris Water Maze performance compared to controls.  When hippocampi were examined, the results revealed that mice in the experimental condition had a greater number of dye-labeled cells than did the controls.W. C. Abraham, B. Logan, J. M. Greenwood, and M. Dragunow ©2002 The Society of Neuroscience, and H. van Praag, B. R. Christie, T. J. Sejnowski, and F. H. Gage ©1999 National Academy of Sciences. Question 12Which of the following conclusions regarding the neuroplasticity of CA1 neurons in the experimental condition is best supported?A.Presynaptic neurons demonstrate synaptic plasticityB.Presynaptic neurons demonstrate structural plasticityC.Postsynaptic neurons demonstrate synaptic plasticityD.Postsynaptic neurons demonstrate structural plasticity

Physical modifications important for consolidating memory are particularly apparent in the hippocampus, especially a pathway called the Schaffer Collateral, which contains CA1 (cornu Ammonis) neurons that have been implicated in learning and memory.  To study learning and memory in live mice, scientists use a stimulating electrode to generate brief electrical pulses on the dendrites of CA1 neurons in the Schaffer Collateral pathway and use a recording electrode to measure the excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in the CA1 postsynaptic neurons.In Study 1, researchers used brief low-frequency stimulations (1-5 stimuli per second) to establish a baseline response in the CA1 postsynaptic neurons.  Then, the same dendrites were given a high-frequency stimulation (50-100 stimuli per second), referred to as a tetanus.  The researchers discovered that the high-frequency tetanus induced an increase in the response in postsynaptic CA1 neurons that was long-lasting.  For the control, the researchers established a baseline in a second set of CA1 neurons in the same region but did not give a high-frequency tetanus (Figure 1).Figure 1  CA1 neuron response after a brief tetanus (experimental) or no tetanus (control)In a second behavioral study, mice were housed in either a standard cage (control) or a cage with an enhanced learning environment, including toys and access to a running wheel (experimental condition).  For the first 12 days, both groups of mice received injections of a dye that is incorporated into newly synthesized DNA, thereby providing a biomarker of neurogenesis.Following 30 days in their respective environments, all mice were tested each day for one week in the Morris Water Maze, a test that measures spatial learning and memory consolidation.  Results showed that mice in the experimental condition demonstrated greater improvement on Morris Water Maze performance compared to controls.  When hippocampi were examined, the results revealed that mice in the experimental condition had a greater number of dye-labeled cells than did the controls.W. C. Abraham, B. Logan, J. M. Greenwood, and M. Dragunow ©2002 The Society of Neuroscience, and H. van Praag, B. R. Christie, T. J. Sejnowski, and F. H. Gage ©1999 National Academy of Sciences. Question 11The phenomenon induced by high-frequency stimulation (Figure 1) is referred to as:A.sensory adaptation.B.state-dependent memory.C.long-term potentiation.D.tonic stimulus response.

What do studies show about the relationship between stress and memory?Group of answer choicesRecall of educational material is best under stress-free conditions.Stress has no effect on remembering educational material.Intense stress can enhance both immediate and delayed recall of educational material.Moderate stress can enhance both immediate and delayed recall of educational material.

Explain how researchers used the drug ZIP to test its effect on long-term memory. How did they know that food aversion was a longterm memory phenomenon?

This part of the brain facilitates encoding memories at a deeper level when the event is emotionally arousing.Question 10Select one:a.The hippocampusb.The amygdalac.Neurotransmittersd.The cerebellum