Spurious correlations are when the correlations __.Group of answer choicesall of the above are truehave X and Y flippedhave a causal relationshipcould be due to a third variable OR could occur even without a third variable

If a significant correlation is found between two variables, X and Y, but it turns out X does not cause Y and Y does not cause X, a term for this correlation is:Group of answer choicesIllusoryUnfoundedTri-causalSpuriousInsignificant

f there is a correlation between two things, X and Y, but it turns out X does not cause Y and Y does not cause X, the correlation is sometimes termed:Group of answer choicesSpuriousUnfoundedNuminousBicausal

The correlation of X with Y is 0.6. This might be explained by:Group of answer choicesAny of the other options are possible explanations.X causes YY causes XX does not cause Y and Y does not cause X

Consider a case in which two variables change together; change in the value of one is accompanied by change in the value of the other. However, the two variables have no cause-and-effect relationship. In such a case, the correlation between the two variables is said to be __________.A.spuriousB.empiricalC.validD.reliableSubmit

Let's say we find a significant positive correlation between attendance and grade in class. Our intuitive reaction is to think that attendance causes (good) grades in class, but we know better: correlation does not imply causation. If the reason we see the correlation is because students who have to work a lot of hours will miss class AND ALSO will not have as much time to study (and therefore have lower grades), this is an example of __.Group of answer choicestemporal precedencethe third variable problemthe directionality problembad internal validity