As illustrated by the 12 case studies discussed in this course, most start-ups tend to be established with: Bank credit Private equity Personal and family savings Venture capital

The question seems to be asking about the common ways start-ups are typically funded, as illustrated by 12 case studies discussed in a course. The options given are Bank credit, Private equity, Personal and family savings, and Venture capital. However, without specific information from the case studies mentioned, it's impossible to provide a definitive answer.

Generally, the funding source can vary greatly depending on the nature of the start-up, its stage of development, and the resources available to the founders. Here's a brief overview of each option:

1. Bank Credit: This is a loan provided by a bank. Start-ups might use this if they have a solid business plan and collateral, but it can be risky because the money needs to be paid back with interest.

2. Private Equity: This involves selling shares of the company to private investors. It's a common way for more mature start-ups to get large amounts of funding.

3. Personal and Family Savings: Many start-ups are initially self-funded by the founders using their personal savings. They might also get loans or gifts from friends and family.

4. Venture Capital: This is money from investors who take a stake in the start-up in exchange for their investment. Venture capitalists typically invest in start-ups they believe have high growth potential.

In reality, many start-ups use a combination of these funding sources at different stages of their development.