Pterosaurs are an extinct group of flying reptiles thought to have evolved into modern birds. Modern birds are endothermic (warm-blooded), while modern reptiles are exothermic (cold-blooded). Because endothermic animals have higher metabolisms, they produce more metabolic byproducts, such as advanced lipoxidation end-products (ALEs). Jasmina Wiemann and her colleagues claim that pterosaurs, like birds, were endothermic, unlike other reptiles. To determine whether pterosaurs were endothermic or exothermic, Wiemann and her team measured ALEs in the bones of fossilized pterosaur bones and compared them to similar measurements of modern birds and reptiles.Which finding, if true, would most directly support their claim?Pterosaur bones had levels of ALEs similar to those of modern reptiles.eliminatePterosaur bones had lower levels of ALEs than modern reptiles.eliminatedPterosaur bones had lower levels of ALEs than modern birds.eliminatedPterosaur bones had levels of ALEs similar to those of modern birds.

Which animals are endothermic?Group of answer choicesamphibians and birdsbirds and mammalsfish and reptilesfish and mammals

M2 Question 11 Mosasaurs were large marine reptiles that lived in the Late Cretaceous period, approximately 100 million to 66 million years ago. Celina Suarez, Alberto PérezHuerta, and T. Lynn Harrell Jr. examined oxygen-18 isotopes in mosasaur tooth enamel in order to calculate likely mosasaur body temperatures and determined that mosasaurs were endothermic—that is, they used internal metabolic processes to maintain a stable body temperature in a variety of ambient temperatures. Suarez, Pérez-Huerta, and Harrell claim that endothermy would have enabled mosasaurs to include relatively cold polar waters in their range.11 Mark For ReviewWhich finding, if true, would most directly support Suarez, Pérez-Huerta, and Harrell’s claim? A) Mosasaurs’ likely body temperatures are easier to determine from tooth enamel oxygen-18 isotope data than the body temperatures of nonendothermic Late Cretaceous marine reptiles are. B) Fossils of both mosasaurs and nonendothermic marine reptiles have been found in roughly equal numbers in regions known to be near the poles during the Late Cretaceous, though in lower concentrations than elsewhere. C) Several mosasaur fossils have been found in regions known to be near the poles during the Late Cretaceous, while relatively few fossils of nonendothermic marine reptiles have been found in those locations. D) During the Late Cretaceous, seawater temperatures were likely higher throughout mosasaurs’ range, including near the poles, than seawater temperatures at those same latitudes are today.

Endotherms maintain their body temperature mostly byMultiple choice question.burrowing or basking.matching their environment.their own metabolism.behavioral changes.

Example of warm blooded organisms areA Aves B Mammals C Reptiles D Both (1) and (2)

While researching a topic, a student has taken thefollowing notes:• Pterosaurs were flying reptiles that existedmillions of years ago.• In a 2021 study, Anusuya Chinsamy-Turananalyzed fragments of pterosaur jawbones locatedin the Sahara Desert.• She was initially unsure if the bones belonged tojuvenile or adult pterosaurs.• She used advanced microscope techniques todetermine that the bones had few growth linesrelative to the bones of fully grown pterosaurs.• She concluded that the bones belonged tojuveniles.The student wants to present the study and itsfindings. Which choice most effectively uses relevantinformation from the notes to accomplish this goal?A) In 2021, Chinsamy-Turan studied pterosaurjawbones and was initially unsure if the bonesbelonged to juveniles or adults.B) Pterosaur jawbones located in the Sahara Desertwere the focus of a 2021 study.C) In a 2021 study, Chinsamy-Turan used advancedmicroscope techniques to analyze the jawbonesof pterosaurs, flying reptiles that existed millionsof years ago.D) In a 2021 study, Chinsamy-Turan determinedthat pterosaur jawbones located in the SaharaDesert had few growth lines relative to the bonesof fully grown pterosaurs and thus belonged tojuveniles.33While researching a topic, a student has taken thefollowing notes:• African American women played prominent rolesin the Civil Rights Movement, including at thefamous 1963 March on Washington.• Civil rights activist Anna Hedgeman, one of themarch’s organizers, was a political adviser whohad worked for President Truman.• Civil rights activist Daisy Bates was a well-knownjournalist and advocate for school desegregation.• Hedgeman worked behind the scenes to makesure a woman was included in the lineup ofspeakers at the march.• Bates was the sole woman to speak, delivering abrief but memorable address to the cheeringcrowd.The student wants to compare the two women’scontributions to the March on Washington. Whichchoice most effectively uses relevant informationfrom the notes to accomplish this goal?A) Hedgeman and Bates contributed to the marchin different ways; Bates, for example, delivered abrief but memorable address.B) Hedgeman worked in politics and helpedorganize the march, while Bates was a journalistand school desegregation advocate.C) Although Hedgeman worked behind the scenesto make sure a woman speaker was included,Bates was the sole woman to speak at the march.D) Many African American women, including Batesand Hedgeman, fought for civil rights, but onlyone spoke at the march.