Which of the following sampling methods have LOWER external validity?Group of answer choicesprobability samplingnon-probability samplingrepresentative samplingunbiased sampling

The sampling method that generally has lower external validity is non-probability sampling.

Here's why:

1. Probability Sampling: In this method, every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. This increases the likelihood that the sample represents the population accurately, thereby increasing external validity.

2. Non-Probability Sampling: In this method, samples are selected based on non-random criteria, which may result in a bias. This decreases the likelihood that the sample accurately represents the population, thereby lowering external validity.

3. Representative Sampling: This is a type of probability sampling where the aim is to select a sample that mirrors the characteristics of the population. This increases external validity.

4. Unbiased Sampling: This is a type of sampling where the selection of samples is done in such a way that it does not favor one group or outcome over another. This also increases external validity.

So, among the options given, non-probability sampling has lower external validity.