Text 1In separate studies, Joanna Weremijewicz and colleagues and Sanâa Wahbi and colleagues examined whether plants transfer nutrients to one another using a common mycorrhizal network (CMN)—a lattice of fungal strands in the soil. Weremijewicz and colleagues excluded all pathways other than the CMN by using barriers to keep the plants’ root systems separate while allowing mycorrhizal strands through—a crucial step Wahbi and colleagues’ study did not take.Text 2Weremijewicz and colleagues took the necessary precaution of separating the plants’ root systems (thereby excluding root-to-root transmission). However, any barrier used must allow the threadlikehyphae of a CMN to pass through, and this permeability would also allow liquids through. Thus, the researchers’ experimental design cannot ensure that any nutrient transfer observed can be attributed to a CMN and not to some other pathway.7 Mark For ReviewBased on the texts, the author of Text 1 and the author of Text 2 would most likely give the same answer to which question?A) Do plants that transfer nutrients through a root-to-root pathway also transmit nutrients via a CMN?B) Is there an available barrier material that can block roots and liquids while allowing fungal strands through?C) Are the barriers used in Weremijewicz and colleagues’ study sufficient to ensure that nutrient transfer could only occur via a CMN?D) Did Wahbi and colleagues’ study effectively exclude any nutrient pathway other than a CMN?

Many mushroom species establish mutually beneficial associations with plant roots, forming mycorrhizae. Through hyphal networks, fungi facilitate nutrient exchange, benefiting both mushrooms and host plants. This Mycorrhizal symbiosis profoundly influences plant growth, nutrient acquisition, and ecosystem stability. Mushrooms also exhibit captivating reproductive strategies and create enchanting patterns like fairy rings. Exploring mycorrhizal symbiosis unveils the vital role these organisms play in nutrient cycling, ecosystem dynamics, and the interconnectedness within the fungal kingdom.10 Mark For Review10According to the text, what is not true about Mycorrhizal symbiosis?A) It plays a crucial role in nutrient uptake and enhances plant growth and survival.B) Mycorrhizal symbiosis contributes to soil health and ecosystem functioning.C) Mycorrhizal symbiosis has implications for ecological restoration and interconnectedness in the ecosystem.D) It makes use of hyphal networks to demonstrate captivating reproductive strategies for mushrooms in the form of fairy rings.

The relationship between mycorrhizal fungi that acquire nutrients for plants and plants in turn providing sugars for the fungi is an example ofMultiple choice question.commensalism.parasitism.mutualism.predation.

Select the correct answer.Mycorrhizae are associations formed by fungi that grow on the roots of trees. These fungi penetrate into the roots of the trees. The trees produce energy through photosynthesis and share it with the fungi. The fungi act as decomposers, breaking down dead organic matter to provide nutrients for the trees to grow. What kind of a relationship is exhibited in this example? A. The fungi share a mutualistic association with the trees. B. The fungi are a parasite for trees. C. The fungi share a commensal association with the trees. D. The fungi are predators for the trees.

Mycorrhizae are fungi associated withGroup of answer choiceslichensnitrogen fixationdecompositionplant diseasesplant roots

Nitrogen Fixation and Agriculture- Crop rotation- Takes advantage of the agricultural benefits ofsymbiotic nitrogen fixation- Year 1: A non legume plant such as maize is planted- Year 2: A legume is planted=> Restore the concentration of fixed nitrogen in the soilFungi and Plant Nutrition- Mycorrhizae are mutualistic associations of fungi androots- The fungus benefits from a steady supply of sugar fromthe host planthttp://archive.bio.ed.ac.uk/jdeacon/FungalBiology/mycorhiz.htm http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-22462855http://ecomyc.com/mycorrhizae/The host plant benefits because the fungus increases thesurface area for water uptake and mineral absorptionMycorrhizal fungi also secrete growth factors that stimulateroot growth and branching- Two the most important groups- Ectomycorrhizae- 10% of plant familiespine, oak, birch, and eucalyptus- Arbuscular mycorrhizae- In about 85% of plant species,-Including grains and legumesFigure 37.13a (a) EctomycorrhizaeCortexEpidermis Mantle (fungal sheath)EpidermalcellEndodermisFungalhyphaebetweencorticalcells (LM) 50 μmMantle(fungal sheath)(Colorized SEM)1.5 mmIn ectomycorrhizae, the mycelium of the fungus forms adense sheath over the surface of the rootThese hyphae form a network in the apoplast, but do notpenetrate the root cellsFigure 37.13b(b) Arbuscular mycorrhizaeCortical cellEndodermisFungalvesicleCasparianstripArbusculesPlasmamembrane (LM)10 μmCortexEpidermisFungalhyphaeRoothairArbuscular mycorrhizae: Association of a fungus with plantroots where the hyphae grow into tubes formed by theinvagination of the plant cell’s membranesEpiphytes, Parasitic Plants, and Carnivorous Plants- Some plants have nutritional adaptations that useother organisms in non mutualistic ways- Three unusual adaptations are- Epiphytes- Parasitic plants- Carnivorous plants- An epiphyte grows on another plant and obtainswater and minerals from rainFigure 37.14aStaghorn fern, an epiphyteAn epiphyte grows on another plant and obtains water and minerals fromrainhttp://picssr.com/tags/epiphyten/page2A.CzerednikEpiphytesFigure 37.14b Parasitic plantsMistletoe, a photosynthetic parasiteRafflesia, a non-photosyntheticparasiteIndian pipe, a non-photosyntheticparasite ofmycorrhizaeThey hurt but do not kill their hostLathraea clandestina(purple toothwort)