What is/are a common mode of UF operations_________. Batch operation Diafiltration Both (a) and (b) None of these

The common modes of Ultrafiltration (UF) operations are both (a) Batch operation and (b) Diafiltration.

In Batch operation, the feed is circulated or passed over the membrane until the desired degree of separation is achieved. The permeate is collected over the operation time.

Diafiltration, on the other hand, is a process where the retentate is diluted continuously or stepwise with a fresh solvent that is the same as the solvent in the feed solution. This process is used to reduce the concentration of a soluble component (contaminant) in the retentate.