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Determine if each of the following statement is True or False. Explain your reasoning.(a) “Some goods such as stock of fish in the ocean are rival in consumption but non-excludable. Competition between private agents in such markets ensures that an efficient quantity of a good is supplied to the market.”  (7 marks)(b) “A monopoly firm is in the short-run equilibrium making a positive economic profit. An increase in the Fixed Cost of production will lead to a higher price and lower quantity in this market because to maximise profit monopoly will want to increase the price it charges for its product.” (8 marks)(c) “When both demand and supply increase in a given market, the equilibrium price and quantity will always be higher as a result.” (5 marks)(d) If the price of peaches, a substitute for plums, decreases, the demand for plums will increase. The demand curve for plums will shift to the right.  (5 marks)

Question

Determine if each of the following statement is True or False. Explain your reasoning.(a) “Some goods such as stock of fish in the ocean are rival in consumption but non-excludable. Competition between private agents in such markets ensures that an efficient quantity of a good is supplied to the market.”  (7 marks)(b) “A monopoly firm is in the short-run equilibrium making a positive economic profit. An increase in the Fixed Cost of production will lead to a higher price and lower quantity in this market because to maximise profit monopoly will want to increase the price it charges for its product.” (8 marks)(c) “When both demand and supply increase in a given market, the equilibrium price and quantity will always be higher as a result.” (5 marks)(d) If the price of peaches, a substitute for plums, decreases, the demand for plums will increase. The demand curve for plums will shift to the right.  (5 marks)

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Solution

(a) False. While it is true that some goods, like fish in the ocean, are rival in consumption but non-excludable, it is not accurate to say that competition between private agents ensures an efficient quantity of the good is supplied to the market. This is because of the "Tragedy of the Commons" problem, where individuals acting in their own self-interest can deplete a shared resource, leading to inefficiency.

(b) False. An increase in fixed costs does not necessarily lead to a higher price and lower quantity in the market. While it is true that a monopoly firm will want to maximize profit, it cannot simply increase the price to cover higher costs because demand is price elastic. If the price increases too much, consumers will buy less of the product, which could lead to lower profits.

(c) False. When both demand and supply increase, the effect on equilibrium price is ambiguous and depends on the magnitude of the shifts. If the increase in demand is greater than the increase in supply, the price will rise. If the increase in supply is greater than the increase in demand, the price will fall. The equilibrium quantity will always be higher.

(d) False. If the price of peaches, a substitute for plums, decreases, the demand for plums will decrease, not increase. This is because consumers will switch to buying more peaches and less plums. Therefore, the demand curve for plums will shift to the left, not the right.

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