Scenario 1 The following blood test result contains the measured values of ten blood constituents and their “normal” reference range. Component Value Reference Range Na+ 130 135-145 mmol/L K+ 3 3.5 – 5.5 mmol/L Ca+ 2.31 2.25 – 2.65 mmol/L Cl- 101 95 – 110 mmol/L Cholesterol 190 120 -199 mg/dL Protein 75 60 – 82 g/L Glucose 84 70-120 mg/dL Erythrocyte 5.6 x 1012 4.7-6.1 x 1012/L pH 7.31 7.35 – 7.45 CO2 58 35 – 45 mmHg Question 1. Categorise each of the ten (10) blood constituents in the table above as atom, ion (measurement of ion), molecule, macromolecule, or cell (5 marks) Question 2. a) The concentration of Na+ in the blood test sits outside of the reference range. Considering your understanding of tonicity, which type of solution would this be referred to? (1 mark) b) Referring to BOTH osmosis and diffusion, what is likely to happen to a cell exposed to this type of solution and briefly explain why? (4 marks) Question 3. In response to the pH and CO2 levels (refer to the table above), you have noticed that the patient’s breathing pattern begins to change. This is a physiological response of the body to attempt to maintain blood pH homeostasis. Referring to the specific components of the bicarbonate buffer system in your answer, explain how the patient’s breathing may change as a response to these values (i.e., pH and CO2) and why?

The following blood test result contains the measured values of ten blood constituents and their “normal” reference range. Component Value Reference Range Na+ 130 135-145 mmol/L K+ 3 3.5 – 5.5 mmol/L Ca+ 2.31 2.25 – 2.65 mmol/L Cl- 101 95 – 110 mmol/L Cholesterol 190 120 -199 mg/dL Protein 75 60 – 82 g/L Glucose 84 70-120 mg/dL Erythrocyte 5.6 x 1012 4.7-6.1 x 1012/L pH 7.31 7.35 – 7.45 CO2 58 35 – 45 mmHg Question 1. Categorise each of the ten (10) blood constituents in the table above as atom, ion (measurement of ion), molecule, macromolecule, or cell (5 marks)

A 36-year-old man presents with the following blood biochemistry results:Analyte (SERUM)ResultReference intervalSodium146135 – 145 mmol/LPotassium6.83.5 – 5.5 mmol/LChloride10895 – 110 mmol/LBicarbonate2222 – 32 mmol/LUrea36.63.0 – 8.0 mmol/LCreatinine37740 – 90 μmol/LeGFR50> 90 ml/min/1.73m2Considering the abnormal results, what is the likely diagnosis for this patient?Group of answer choicesHe has acute kidney diseaseHe is on thiazide diureticsHe has metabolic acidosisHe has chronic diarrhea

A male patient at 75 years old is worrying about his hypertension and consulted his family doctor. His blood biochemistry results show:Analyte (SERUM)Result Day 1Result Day 3Reference intervalSodium125120135 – 145 mmol/LPotassium2.52.83.5 – 5.5 mmol/LChloride869095 – 110 mmol/LBicarbonate353222 – 32 mmol/LUrea7.07.23.0 – 8.0 mmol/LCreatinine908640 – 90 μmol/L* Urine sodium = 58 (<20 mmol/L in low sodium)In general, which medication may cause a decrease in serum potassium?Group of answer choicesPotassium-sparing diureticBeta-adrenergic blockerBeta-adrenergic agonistDigoxin

A 63-year-old woman suffers from congestive heart failure. She went to see her cardiology for routine monitoring of her conditions. She presented the following results:Analyte (SERUM)ResultReference intervalSodium146135 – 145 mmol/LPotassium6.83.5 – 5.5 mmol/LChloride10895 – 110 mmol/LBicarbonate2222 – 32 mmol/LUrea36.63.0 – 8.0 mmol/LCreatinine37740 – 90 μmol/LeGFR50> 90 ml/min/1.73m2What has caused the raised potassium?Group of answer choicesInhibition of Na/K/ATPase pump by medicationTumour lysis syndromeOsmotic diuresisShe has metabolic alkalosis

A female patient of 25 years old is recovering in the post-operative care unit in the hospital. Her blood biochemistry results are:         Analyte (SERUM)ResultReference intervalSodium131135 – 145 mmol/LPotassium5.03.5 – 5.5 mmol/LChloride11295 – 110 mmol/LBicarbonate2922 – 32 mmol/LFasting glucose3.83.6 – 5.5 mmol/Lcalcium2.22.15 – 2.55 mmol/LLactate25< 3.0 mmol/LHow would you explain the abnormal results?Group of answer choicesArtefact due to Hartmann’s solution intravenous fluidArtefact due to 5% dextrose intravenous fluidHypoglycaemiaMetabolic acidosis