Typically, operating systems have a device driver for each device controller. This device driver understands the device controller and provides the rest of the operating system with a uniform interface to the device. The CPU and the device controllers can execute in parallel, competing for memory cycles. To ensure orderly access to the shared memory, a memory controller synchronizes access to the memory.

How do ordinary processes or applications interact with hardware devices?

The operating system executes the memory management for (A) handling the interrupts. (B) improving the system throughput. (C) interprocess communication among two processes. (D) managing user interfaces. (E) storage management.

I. During program execution, the contents of the PC are regularly moved into theProcessor-memory interface.II. The Control circuitry controls what operation is performed by the ALU

What is the purpose of a device driver?

Software that manages computer hardware resources, runs other programs, and provides common services for the user and application software.