Ag/AgCl electrodes are widely used in which type of measurement? Electrocardiography (ECG) Electromyography (EMG) Electroencephalography (EEG) Nerve conduction studies

Which of the following types of electrodes are commonly used in electrocardiography (ECG)? Needle electrodes Intracranial electrodes Surface electrodes Microelectrodes

In a glucometer, the electrode measures the amount ofa) Electronsb) Oxygenc) Waterd) Glucose oxidase

An EEG is used toHomework Helper +Group of answer choicesvisualize the ventricles of the brain.view the soft tissue of the brain.measure the electrical activity of the brain.measure the electrical activity of the heart.

The electric capacitance of biological tissues serves as the basis for numerous medical technologies.  For example, dielectric spectroscopy glucose reading (DSGR) is a noninvasive diagnostic technique that uses the electric capacitance of blood to estimate blood glucose levels.A DSGR device records the electric current that results from applying a voltage source to the skin and underlying blood vessels.  DSGR can be modeled by the circuit shown in Figure 1, in which V represents the applied potential, CB represents the capacitance of the blood, and RE, RD, and RB represent the electrical resistances of the epidermis, the dermis, and the blood, respectively.Figure 1  DSGR circuit model including skin and superficial blood vesselThe capacitance of charged blood may be explained by red blood cell membranes acting as physical barriers that separate electrons introduced into the blood from positively charged ions in the red blood cell cytoplasm.  The dielectric constant k of red blood cell membranes varies with glucose concentration (Figure 2) because glucose uptake by red blood cells alters the activity of membrane-bound proteins that regulate the flow of ions into and out of the cell.Figure 2  Blood dielectric constant vs blood glucose concentrationDSGR readings vary with blood glucose concentration because the time needed to fully charge the blood is related to total blood capacitance.  However, interpreting DSGR readings may be complicated by changes in biological variables other than blood capacitance.  For example, the resistivity of blood varies in accordance with osmolarity such that changes in diet or hydration status influence the current measured by DSGR devices.Livshits, L. et al.  Dielectric response of biconcave erythrocyte membranes to D- and L-glucose.  J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 40 (2007), 15–19. Question 11Suppose that a 5-mL blood sample with a glucose concentration of 10 mM has capacitance C.  How will C change if the concentration of blood glucose is reduced to 2.5 mM?A.C will decrease by approximately 20%.B.C will remain the same.C.C will increase by approximately 20%.D.C will increase by approximately 40%.

The electric capacitance of biological tissues serves as the basis for numerous medical technologies.  For example, dielectric spectroscopy glucose reading (DSGR) is a noninvasive diagnostic technique that uses the electric capacitance of blood to estimate blood glucose levels.A DSGR device records the electric current that results from applying a voltage source to the skin and underlying blood vessels.  DSGR can be modeled by the circuit shown in Figure 1, in which V represents the applied potential, CB represents the capacitance of the blood, and RE, RD, and RB represent the electrical resistances of the epidermis, the dermis, and the blood, respectively.Figure 1  DSGR circuit model including skin and superficial blood vesselThe capacitance of charged blood may be explained by red blood cell membranes acting as physical barriers that separate electrons introduced into the blood from positively charged ions in the red blood cell cytoplasm.  The dielectric constant k of red blood cell membranes varies with glucose concentration (Figure 2) because glucose uptake by red blood cells alters the activity of membrane-bound proteins that regulate the flow of ions into and out of the cell.Figure 2  Blood dielectric constant vs blood glucose concentrationDSGR readings vary with blood glucose concentration because the time needed to fully charge the blood is related to total blood capacitance.  However, interpreting DSGR readings may be complicated by changes in biological variables other than blood capacitance.  For example, the resistivity of blood varies in accordance with osmolarity such that changes in diet or hydration status influence the current measured by DSGR devices.Livshits, L. et al.  Dielectric response of biconcave erythrocyte membranes to D- and L-glucose.  J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 40 (2007), 15–19. Question 12Assuming that the size and shape of red blood cells are uniform, by what factor would the quantity of red blood cells need to change to raise the capacitance of a blood sample to 250% of its original value?A.2/5B.(2/5)2C.5/2D.(5/2)2