At every output level, a firm’s short-run average cost (SAC) equals or exceeds its long-run average cost (LAC) because:a. Diminishing returns apply in the short run.b. Returns to scale only exist in the long run.c. Opportunity costs are taken into account in the short run.d. There are at least as many possibilities for substitution between factors of productionin the long run as in the short run.e. Economies of scope only apply in the long run.

Fill in the Blank QuestionFill in the blank question.A firm's long-run average total costs may decline over a wide range of output due to of scale.

Economies of scale occur when a firm’sGroup of answer choicesmarginal costs are constant as output increases.long-run average total costs are decreasing as output increases.long-run average total costs are increasing as output increases.marginal costs are equal to average total costs for all levels of output.

Item2Item 2To economists the main difference between "the short run" and "the long run" is that:Multiple Choicethe law of diminishing returns applies in the long run, but not in the short run.in the long run all factors of production are variable, while in the short run at least one factor of production is fixed.fixed costs are more important to decision making in the long run than they are in the short run.in the short run all factors of production are fixed, while in the long run all factors of production are variable.

Multiple Choice QuestionHow do economies of scale affect long-run average total costs for a firm?Multiple choice question.Long-run average total costs remain the same over a wide range of output.Long-run average total costs decline over a wide range of output.Long-run average total costs rise over a wide range of output.Not enough information is provided to determine the answer.

The short-run marginal and average variable cost curves for a competitive firm are given by MC = 2+2q and AVC = 2+q. The profit-maximizing level of output for a firm is 4 and its total fixed cost is $18. Which of the following must be true about the firm? Group of answer choices The firm is charging a price of $4 and covering its average variable cost, hence it should continue operating in the short-run. The firm is charging $10 and will remain in the industry in the short-run; but it is not covering its total costs and will consider leaving the industry in the long run. The firm is charging a price of $4 and making a short-run loss, hence it should shut down immediately. The firm is charging a price of $10 and making a zero profit, hence it should shut down eventually. The firm is charging a price of $10 and making a positive profit, hence it will remain in the industry in the long-run.