A Western development organization is working tointroduce digital hospital management systems inAfrica. It is known that such systems often raisefierce concerns about privacy in their home country,and that some information and communicationtechnology (ICT) solutions do better than others inthis respect. Yet the local population and partnerorganization do not seem at all concerned aboutprivacy and there are pressing health care challengesthat the systems help to solve. The organizationchooses not to pay any attention to privacy. Should adifferent decision have been made, or would it beunjustifiable paternalism for the developmentorganization to impose “Western” values on Africansociety?

Discuss the ethical and legal considerations associated with the use of ICT in healthcare, both globally and locally.

Barriers for the Using of Information Systems in Hospitals: AQualitative StudyMohammad Keshvari,1 Ali Reza Yusefi,2 Abbas Homauni,3 Roudabe Omidifar,4 and Samin Nobakht5,*1 Health Policy, Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran2 Health Care Management, Student Research Committee, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran3 Health Care Management, Department of Health Economics and Management, School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research, Tehran University of MedicalSciences, Tehran, IR Iran4 Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, IR Iran5 Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IR Iran* Corresponding author: Samin Nobakht, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9141865293, E-mail: [email protected] 2018 January 16; Revised 2018 June 30; Accepted 2018 July 01.AbstractBackground: Information technology is one of the most important issues in health systems. It has been developed in health sectorsand is widely used by hospital managers. Identifying barriers in the use of hospital information systems can be the first step forbetter information management and better implementation of quality improvement and clinical governance plans.Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the barriers for the using of information systems in hospitals.Methods: This is a qualitative study, which used content analysis for analyzing to achieve study objectives. Sampling was done usingpurposive and heterogeneous methods and data collection continued until data saturation. The researcher was referred to hospitalmanagers to identify individuals who had the most information regarding health information systems to identify barriers of usinginformation system.Results: Results of this study showed that challenges and barriers of information management and use of information systems arerelated to each other. Based on the results of this study the most important challenges of using information systems are knowledgefactors.Conclusions: Designing a comprehensive plan can eliminate barriers of using information systems because barriers and chal-lenges are integrated and related to each other.Keywords: Hospital Information Systems, Information Management, Decision Making, Evidence-Based1. BackgroundNowadays, information technology and its use is oneof the most important issues. Information technology hasbeen developed in medical and health sectors and is widelyused by health system managers. The healthcare industrydepends on information technology, which has a vital rolein medical performance and hospital management (1).Information management has been defined as: tech-nology of receiving, storing, processing, transferring, andpresenting of information (2). It is believed that informa-tion technology can enhance organizational capabilities(3). Information management and use of information sys-tems can improve quality of care, safety, cost saving, andcan also create new innovations (4).The literature review indicates that the use of hospitalinformation system (HIS) can increase efficiency and effec-tiveness of care and cost saving (5, 6). In addition, these sys-tems improve the readability of data recorded, user satis-faction, and reduce medical errors (7-9). Considering thatinformation technology creates a great potential for im-proving quality of care, efficiency and effectiveness of per-sonnel, particularly in hospitals and medical centers (10).Therefore, it seems necessary to set up a proper informa-tion system in order to understand the problem and usethe best available data for providing on time and scientificinformation (11).The proper use of information system enables hospitalmanagers to access information for decision making everytime and place; in addition, it also helps them make deci-sions based on actual information. This fact increases effi-ciency and hospital performance development (12). Imple-mentation of information technology in health systems of-ten require changes in work tasks and processes simulta-neously or before applying new technologies (13). One ofthe most important reasons for failing in projects is the dis

9.  Healthcare providers should ensure that patients have the necessary information to make decisions taking into account which of the following?*1 pointA. Autonomy and Informed ConsentB. Avoiding Cultural StereotypesC. Confidentiality and PrivacyD. Equity and Social Justice10. It refers to the belief that one ’so own culture is superior to somebody else's. *1 pointA. Cultural AssessmentB. EthnocentrismC. Gender and Cultural SensitivityD. All of the above11. It promotes a culture of inclusion and respect within the healthcare facility.*1 pointA. Cultural DifferencesB. Discrimination and BiasC. Health LiteracyD. Language and Communication Barriers12. It encourages questions and provide written instructions in the patient's preferred language.*1 pointIt encourages questions and provide written instructions in the patient's preferred language.A. Access to Healthcare ServicesB. Health LiteracyC. Patient-Centered CareD. Religious and Spiritual Beliefs

What should every organization consider conducting (in relation to privacy) before a system goes live?

You work for a healthcare organization that handles sensitive patient information. Which administrative control would be most critical to ensuring compliance with privacy regulations, such as HIPAA?