How is a cladogram constructed?Multiple choice question.By identifying disparate groups of organisms based on similar phenotypic traitsBy using shared derived characters to construct clades within cladesLike a flow chart, with evolutionary pathways leading to phenotypic traitsBy organizing species along a horizontal line representing the geological time at which they first evolved

What does a cladogram depict?Multiple choice question.A hypothesis of evolutionary relationshipsThe taxonomic hierarchy of a related group of organismsThe mechanisms that led to evolution of different character states

When constructing a cladogram, what is the advantage of using a statistical approach, such as maximum likelihood, rather than relying on parsimony alone?Multiple choice question.Different rates of evolution can be used for different characters.Both symplesiomorphies and snapomorphies can be used to provide information about evolutionary events.The timing of evolutionary events can be determined.

In a cladogram, what word describes an ancestral species and all of its descendants?Multiple choice question.OutgroupTaxonSynapomorphyClade

A requirement of cladistics is that a grouping must include ________.species that can interbreedonly living speciesa common ancestor and all its descendantsspecies with shared traits

According to the principle of parsimony, among a series of proposed cladograms, which is the most likely?Multiple choice question.The one with the most primitive symplesiomorphyThe one with the fewest number of taxonomic groupsThe one with the largest number or character changesThe one with the fewest number of character changesThe one with the largest number of taxonomic groups