Identify two hormones key to the fight-or-flight response and explain their effect on the body. Give and example of each response.

The two key hormones involved in the fight-or-flight response are adrenaline (also known as epinephrine) and cortisol.

1. Adrenaline: This hormone is produced by the adrenal glands after receiving a message from the brain that a stressful situation has occurred. Adrenaline acts quickly to accelerate the heart rate and increase blood pressure, thus boosting energy supplies. It also dilates the air passages allowing for increased airflow into the lungs. This is why, for example, someone who is scared might suddenly find themselves breathing very quickly or why someone in danger might find they can run faster than usual.

2. Cortisol: This hormone also helps the body respond to stress, but its effects are much slower and longer-lasting than adrenaline. Cortisol helps maintain fluid balance and blood pressure, while also suppressing the immune system's response to inflammation. It also increases sugars (glucose) in the bloodstream, enhancing the brain's use of glucose and the availability of substances that repair tissues. An example of cortisol's effect could be seen in a student studying for a big exam. The stress of the exam could lead to a prolonged release of cortisol, helping to keep the student alert and able to study for longer periods of time.

In summary, both adrenaline and cortisol play crucial roles in preparing the body to respond to a perceived threat, whether that threat is physical (like a predator) or psychological (like a big exam).