An analog value of 3.5v is to be converted to equivalent digital output using an 8 bit successive approximation register type adc with reference voltage +5v. What is the output of adc at the end of 5th cycle? Give all the necessary formulas and conversions

The process of converting an analog value to a digital one using an 8-bit Successive Approximation Register (SAR) type ADC involves several steps. Here's how you can calculate the output of the ADC at the end of the 5th cycle:

1. Determine the resolution of the ADC: The resolution of an ADC is the smallest change it can detect in an input. For an 8-bit ADC with a reference voltage of +5V, the resolution can be calculated using the formula:

   Resolution = Vref / (2^n - 1)

   Where Vref is the reference voltage and n is the number of bits. In this case, the resolution is:

   Resolution = 5V / (2^8 - 1) = 5V / 255 = 0.0196V

2. Calculate the digital equivalent of the analog input: The digital equivalent of the analog input can be calculated by dividing the analog input by the resolution. In this case, the digital equivalent is:

   Digital equivalent = Analog input / Resolution = 3.5V / 0.0196V = 178.57

   Since the digital equivalent must be an integer, we round this to the nearest whole number, which is 179.

3. Determine the output of the ADC at the end of the 5th cycle: The output of the SAR ADC at the end of the 5th cycle is the 5th bit of the digital equivalent. To find this, we convert the digital equivalent to binary and take the 5th bit.

   The binary equivalent of 179 is 10110011. The 5th bit from the right (or the 4th bit from the left) is 0.

So, the output of the ADC at the end of the 5th cycle is 0.