The American Association of Psychology has published a report on treatments for panic disorder.  Three different treatments—cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), medical drugs and a combination of the two—were used in combatting two symptoms (anxiety and depression) of this disorder, as well as in patients’ amelioration (overall improvement and quality of life). The effect size of a symptom’s reduction, or the effect size of a positive marker’s increase, were measured on a scale of 0 to 1. Given these measurements of both symptoms and progress, ______.Which choice most effective uses data from the graph to complete the statement?Choose Your AnswerPreviousNextA.It appears that CBT, more than medical drugs, affords a patient with panic disorder a feeling of overall improvement as well as an improved quality of life.B.It seems that reducing anxiety, with any treatment, is the most achievable aim.C.Results suggest that only when in combination, do drugs and CBT address depression more effectively than these treatments’ separate administration.D.There appears to be strong reason to doubt the efficacy of either CBT, drugs or their treatment in combination.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) both involve an exaggerated response to everyday stressors and a heightened state of anxiety or arousal that can impede concentration and daily functioning.  Both can be effectively treated with medication, including anxiolytics and antidepressants, and with therapy, the most effective of which is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).  Psychologists believe that the unpredictable nature of stressors plays a key role in the development and persistence of both disorders.  However, the response to predictable threats is believed to be normal.A study was conducted to investigate how individuals diagnosed with PTSD or GAD respond to predictable and unpredictable threats.  Twenty patients with PTSD, 20 patients with GAD, and 50 control participants took part in the study.  The groups did not differ significantly with respect to age or gender.  The study involved two conditions, each three minutes in duration.  During the first (predictable) condition, participants were shown a cue (red box) at random times while gazing through a viewing apparatus.  The cue signaled the imminent presentation of various loud noises such as thunder or screaming, meant to induce fear.  During the second (unpredictable) condition, the loud noise was presented randomly with no warning.The magnitude of the participants' startle response was measured by an eye blink reflex recorded with electrodes placed under the eyes (measured in microvolts [Table 1]).Table 1  Mean Startle Response in Microvolts by Group and ConditionPredictable UnpredictableControl 14 19PTSD 15 43GAD 18 37After the study, participants were asked to rate their subjective fear on a scale of 0 (no fear) to 10 (most fear).  The controls reported the least fear under both conditions.  PTSD participants expressed greater fear than GAD participants during the unpredictable condition, but GAD participants reported greater fear than PTSD participants during the predictable condition.C. Grillon, D. S. Pine, S. Lissek, S. Rabin, and M. Vythilingam ©2009 by Society of Biological Psychiatry. Question 16What is the main difference between GAD and PTSD?A.People with PTSD tend to hallucinate, whereas people with GAD do not.B.PTSD requires a long and consistent history of adjustment problems; GAD does not.C.PTSD requires a precipitating event to bring about the disorder; GAD does not.D.People with PTSD worry about a wide range of events; people with GAD worry about specific events.

A 35-year-old woman named Sarah has been experiencing intense anxiety and panic attacks for the past six months. Her therapist recommends Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) to help her manage her symptoms. During her CBT sessions, Sarah learns to identify and challenge her negative thought patterns, which often include catastrophizing about her health and social interactions. Over time, she begins to replace these thoughts with more balanced and realistic ones, leading to a reduction in her anxiety levels.  Based on Sarah's case, which of the following best describes the primary goal of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)?  *1 pointTo uncover and analyze past traumatic eventsTo identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviorsTo increase reliance on medication for anxiety managementTo enhance physical fitness and reduce stress through exercise

Which psychotropic medication is most often used for panic disorders, is associated with physical dependence, and requires gradual dose reductions to prevent withdrawal symptoms?Antianxiety medicationHypnotic medicationAntipsychotic medicationMood stabilizer medication

Which drugs are used to treat anxiety disorders?stimulantsantipsychoticsbenzodiazepinespsychedelics

A psychologist wants to study whether there is a difference in the effectiveness of two different talk therapy techniques (exposure therapy or cognitive behavioral therapy) on phobia symptom severity. The psychologist randomly assigns a large group of clients suffering from a phobia into one of the two treatment conditions: exposure therapy or cognitive behavioral therapy. After 8 weeks of therapy, the psychologist assesses the phobia symptoms of both groups of clients using a questionnaire that gives a number between 0 to 40 to indicate the severity of the client’s phobia symptoms.Which of the following is the most appropriate statistical test to use to determine if there is a significant difference between exposure therapy and cognitive behavior therapy on phobia symptoms? Two-sample t-test Matched pairs t-test Inference for regression Chi-squared test for independence ANOVA