what was the common feature of European aristocracy

Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant classon the continent. The members of this class were united by acommon way of life that cut across regional divisions. They ownedestates in the countryside and also town-houses. They spoke Frenchfor purposes of diplomacy and in high society. Their families wereoften connected by ties of marriage. This powerful aristocracy was,however, numerically a small group. The majority of the populationwas made up of the peasantry. To the west, the bulk of the landwas farmed by tenants and small owners, while in Eastern andCentral Europe the pattern of landholding was characterised byvast estates which were cultivated by serfs.2 The Making of Nationalism in EuropeSome important dates1797Napoleon invades Italy; Napoleonic warsbegin.1814-1815Fall of Napoleon; the Vienna PeaceSettlement.1821Greek struggle for independence begins.1848Revolutions in Europe; artisans, industrialworkers and peasants revolt againsteconomic hardships; middle classesdemand constitutions and representativegovernments; Italians, Germans, Magyars,Poles, Czechs, etc. demand nation-states.1859-1870Unification of Italy.1866-1871Unification of Germany.1905Slav nationalism gathers force in theHabsburg and Ottoman Empires.Rationalised 2023-249Nationalism in EuropeIn Western and parts of Central Europe the growth of industrialproduction and trade meant the growth of towns and the emergenceof commercial classes whose existence was based on productionfor the market. Industrialisation began in England in the secondhalf of the eighteenth century, but in France and parts of the Germanstates it occurred only during the nineteenth century. In its wake,new social groups came into being: a working-class population, andmiddle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen, professionals.In Central and Eastern Europe these groups were smaller in numbertill late nineteenth century. It was among the educated, liberal middleclasses that ideas of national unity following the abolition ofaristocratic privileges gained popularity

To what extent did nobles retain power and prestige in Restoration Europe?

Changes in European society that caused the expansion of European peoples into the New World after 1450 includedMultiple Choicethe rise of women as a significant political force.a deflationary spiral that dried up sources of capital.political decentralization with a democratic philosophy.technological advances in seafaring and weaponry.

Which social group in medieval Europe comprised religious leaders such as bishops, priests, monks, and nuns?

Author Jaelynn Walls states that "identity and individuality were highly valued concepts" during the European Renaissance. Why was less attention paid to other cultures?