n scientific research, race remains a quandary. Some researchers assert that race, as a variable, captures meaningful plots of genetic ancestry – an opportunity to further big dreams like personalized medicine and ethno-pharmacogenomics. Others argue that biologic concepts of race are inextricably yoked to notions of eugenics, bigotry and burden, and decry their continued presence in medical journals. Somewhere in the middle, the inconsistencies of race in medicine perplex and gnaw at uncertain scientists, who are intimidated by the prospect of inescapable damnation. Yet despite the uncomfortable ambiguities that surround race and medicine, the variable remains present as a well-worn neighbour of scientific inquiry.Whether race provides meaningful information in scientific research is debatable; notwithstanding, race remains to be closely associated with scientific inquiry.Even though the inclusion of race in scientific research is disputed, race still plays a part in scientific research.The ongoing debate of whether to include race in scientific research makes it difficult for researchers to choose whether or not to include race in their study.While some researchers include race as a variable in their study, some do not, and the rest are ambivalent about the inclusion of race in their study.

Each of the questions given below has a paragraph which is followed by four alternative summaries. Choose the alternative that best captures the essence of the paragraph.In scientific research, race remains a quandary. Some researchers assert that race, as a variable, captures meaningful plots of genetic ancestry – an opportunity to further big dreams like personalized medicine and ethno-pharmacogenomics. Others argue that biologic concepts of race are inextricably yoked to notions of eugenics, bigotry and burden, and decry their continued presence in medical journals. Somewhere in the middle, the inconsistencies of race in medicine perplex and gnaw at uncertain scientists, who are intimidated by the prospect of inescapable damnation. Yet despite the uncomfortable ambiguities that surround race and medicine, the variable remains present as a well-worn neighbour of scientific inquiry.Whether race provides meaningful information in scientific research is debatable; notwithstanding, race remains to be closely associated with scientific inquiry.Even though the inclusion of race in scientific research is disputed, race still plays a part in scientific research.The ongoing debate of whether to include race in scientific research makes it difficult for researchers to choose whether or not to include race in their study.While some researchers include race as a variable in their study, some do not, and the rest are ambivalent about the inclusion of race in their study.

Recent technologies, such as genetic manipulation, are again opening the door for a resurgence in eugenic (planned breeding) practices, but we would be wise to remember the fact that humans now being able to alter people's genetic code tells us nothing about what we should do with that information. Although new technological opportunities offer us possibilities to improve many people's lives, our recent past illustrates the inherent dangers in using science to justify our actions.11Mark for ReviewABCWhich choice best states the main idea of the text?AApplication of newly discovered principles of genetics poses a risk due to their unintentional outcomes.BThe field of eugenics has supplied us with new insights but its practical utilization remains to be seen.CWhile applying any new principle with the aid of technology, there are consequences along with the benefits.DIt is important to tread cautiously in experimentation of planned breeding as it is a double-edged sword.

Some people are concerned that scientific strides in “mapping” the human genome could lead to __________.A.increased socialized medicineB.a decrease in eating disordersC.abuse of genetic informationD.the ending of all illness

Bias in Clinical Trials? Researchers investigated the issue of race and equality of access to clinical trials. The following table shows the population distribution and the numbers of participants in clinical trials involving lung cancer (based on data from “Participation in Cancer Clinical Trials,” by Murthy, Krumholz, and Gross, Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 291, No. 22). Use a 0.01 significance level to test the claim that the distribution of clinical trial participants fits well with the population distribution. Is there a race>ethnic group that appears to be very underrepresented?Race/ethnicityWhitenon-HispanicHispanicBlackAsian , Pacific IslanderAmerican Indian,Alaskan NativeDistribution of Population75.6%9.1%10.8%3.8% 0.7%Number in Lung Cancer Clinical Trials3855603165412

Interpreting ancient DNA—a scientific approach that has grown powerfully during the past decade—reveals that human history is a story of mixing and migration at a scale and complexity that no one previously imagined. Waves of people and genes have flowed across oceans and continents for millennia, creating a ________ of admixture. Genetically, "race" is a broken concept, this work shows, because every population is a mixture of other populations—which are themselves mixtures of still earlier populations.4Mark for ReviewABCWhich choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?AdisciplineBoverturnCmosaicDstandard