Which of the following statements are/is correct?i. Civilization emerged in the Paleolithic period ii. Bronze was found in natural minerals during the Bronze Ageiii. Both the Shang and the Zhou dynasty rulers practiced ancestral worship (patrilineal)iv. The Shang dynasty rulers invented the concept of the “Mandate of Heaven”
Question
Which of the following statements are/is correct?i. Civilization emerged in the Paleolithic period ii. Bronze was found in natural minerals during the Bronze Ageiii. Both the Shang and the Zhou dynasty rulers practiced ancestral worship (patrilineal)iv. The Shang dynasty rulers invented the concept of the “Mandate of Heaven”
Solution
i. Incorrect. Civilization did not emerge in the Paleolithic period. It is generally accepted that civilizations emerged in the Neolithic period, when humans began to develop agriculture, which allowed for permanent settlements.
ii. Correct. The Bronze Age is named for the development of bronze tools and weapons, which are made from copper and tin. These materials are found in natural minerals.
iii. Correct. Both the Shang and Zhou dynasty rulers practiced ancestral worship. This was a key part of their religious beliefs and societal structure.
iv. Incorrect. The concept of the "Mandate of Heaven" was not invented by the Shang dynasty. It was introduced by the Zhou dynasty as a justification for their overthrow of the Shang. The "Mandate of Heaven" is a traditional Chinese philosophical concept concerning the legitimacy of rulers. It is similar to the Western concept of the divine right of kings, in that both involve the divine approval of a king's rule.
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