Why might the competitiveness and individualism of American schools be a problem for students from other cultural backgrounds? a. Newly arrived immigrants tend to adopt American values uncritically. b. In order to fit in, students from other cultural backgrounds may become even more competitive than the typical student. c. Competition and individualism lead to lower achievement. d. Some cultures more highly value cooperation and family loyalty.

Which of the following is an example of a structural barrier to overcoming cultural inequities in Australian schooling/education?Group of answer choicesLimited access to quality educational resources and facilities in low-income communities.Cultural differences in parenting styles and expectations for academic achievement.Lack of personal motivation and effort among students from culturally diverse backgrounds.Individual attitudes and stereotypes held by teachers towards culturally diverse students.

Which of the following best describes why it is important that teachers and caregivers understand sociocultural differences that exist among the various ethnic groups? a. Europeans, Asians, Africans, and Indians grow up with different attitudes toward education. b. The United States has always been a country of immigrants from all over the globe. c. It forms the basis of education that incorporates the histories, values, beliefs, and perspectives of people from different cultural backgrounds. d. A lack of cultural understanding can lead to misinterpretation of children’s language and cognitive competencies.

What was a primary rationale for placing students in ability groups? a. Students of similar ability exhibit fewer behavior problems. b. Students of similar ability are easier to teach. c. Mental ability and achievement tests were newly invented. d. Immigrant children scored poorly on standardized tests.

What role does socioeconomic status play in structural barriers to overcoming cultural inequities in Australian schooling?Group of answer choicesSocioeconomic status has no impact on cultural inequities in education.Socioeconomic status is solely determined by cultural backgrounds and does not impact educational experiences.Socioeconomic status influences access to resources and educational opportunities, exacerbating cultural inequities.Socioeconomic status is not a significant factor in educational outcomes for culturally diverse students.

The last several decades have seen a significant increase in immigration to the United States.  Today, more than 20% of American children age 17 and younger have at least one foreign-born parent, and about 30% of these children are themselves foreign-born.Immigrant youths in the United States tend to adapt extremely well to their new surroundings.  Researchers report that immigrant students often perform in school as well or better than their US-born classmates.  Studies assessing psychological adjustment reveal similar findings:  Foreign-born students are less likely to abuse alcohol or break the law, and they demonstrate relatively higher levels of self-esteem than their US-born peers.The following quotations are responses from overachieving immigrant middle school students when asked by interviewers to explain their success:Student 1, eighth-grade valedictorian:  "When my mother first came to the United States from China, she spent all her time working, trying to earn a living to support her three children.  I know how much she has sacrificed, and I am so grateful that I am willing to do just about anything for her."Student 2, a straight-A student:  "[In my neighborhood] everyone knows everyone.  They all know what I am up to, so I want to make a good impression and have them think highly of me.  I also want to represent my community well to others."Even though immigrant families are often more prosperous in the United States than they were in their home countries, they still often struggle financially, typically due to parental language barriers.  The impressive adaptations of immigrant students occur despite impoverished circumstances; their parents tend to emphasize the importance of education as a means to attaining prosperity, reminding their children that they immigrated to provide their children with access to better education than was available in their homeland.  Immigrant children tend to internalize their parents' attitude toward educational achievement.Members of ethnic minorities in the United States also stress loyalty to family and community over self, so children feel a strong sense of gratitude and allegiance to their parents.  Immigrant parents with successful children have usually formed close relationships with members of their ethnic community; members of ethnic enclaves tend to demonstrate consensus on values and exert an unusually high level of control over the children's behavior through regular monitoring.L. E. Berk. Child Development © 2006 Pearson Question 19According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which of the following is most likely to motivate Student 2 to work hard in school?A.Fear of being punishedB.Expectation of a rewardC.Praise from parentsD.Internal standards of success