Determine whether the given set, together with the specified operations of addition and scalar multiplication, is a vector space. If it is not, select all of the axioms that fail to hold. (Let u, v, and w be vectors in the vector space V, and let c and d be scalars.)The set of all upper triangular 2 ✕ 2 matrices, with the usual matrix addition and scalar multiplicationAll of the axioms hold, so the given set is a vector space.1. u + v is in V.2. u + v = v + u3. (u + v) + w = u + (v + w)4. There exists an element 0 in V, called a zero vector, such that u + 0 = u.5. For each u in V, there is an element −u in V such that u + (−u) = 0.6. cu is in V.7. c(u + v) = cu + cv8. (c + d)u = cu + du9. c(du) = (cd)u10. 1u = u
Question
Determine whether the given set, together with the specified operations of addition and scalar multiplication, is a vector space. If it is not, select all of the axioms that fail to hold. (Let u, v, and w be vectors in the vector space V, and let c and d be scalars.)The set of all upper triangular 2 ✕ 2 matrices, with the usual matrix addition and scalar multiplicationAll of the axioms hold, so the given set is a vector space.1. u + v is in V.2. u + v = v + u3. (u + v) + w = u + (v + w)4. There exists an element 0 in V, called a zero vector, such that u + 0 = u.5. For each u in V, there is an element −u in V such that u + (−u) = 0.6. cu is in V.7. c(u + v) = cu + cv8. (c + d)u = cu + du9. c(du) = (cd)u10. 1u = u
Solution
The set of all upper triangular 2x2 matrices, with the usual matrix addition and scalar multiplication, is indeed a vector space. This is because it satisfies all the ten axioms of a vector space.
- The sum of any two upper triangular matrices is also an upper triangular matrix, so u + v is in V.
- Matrix addition is commutative, so u + v = v + u.
- Matrix addition is associative, so (u + v) + w = u + (v + w).
- The zero matrix is an upper triangular matrix, so there exists an element 0 in V such that u + 0 = u.
- The additive inverse of an upper triangular matrix is also an upper triangular matrix, so for each u in V, there is an element −u in V such that u + (−u) = 0.
- The scalar multiple of an upper triangular matrix is also an upper triangular matrix, so cu is in V.
- Scalar multiplication distributes over matrix addition, so c(u + v) = cu + cv.
- Scalar multiplication distributes over scalar addition, so (c + d)u = cu + du.
- Scalar multiplication is associative with real number multiplication, so c(du) = (cd)u.
- Multiplying an upper triangular matrix by 1 does not change it, so 1u = u.
Therefore, all of the axioms hold, and the given set is a vector space.
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